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Action (Neuroscience) > Task 4 > Flashcards

Task 4 Flashcards

1
Q

4.1: Which structures are part of the reward system?

A

fornix, cingulate cortex (CC), parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, septal nuclei, mammillary body

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2
Q

4.1: Motivational/Limbic loop in BG –> which structures involved?

A

ACC, mOFC, ventral striatum, SNr/GPi (limbic territory)

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3
Q

4.1: Mesolimbic dopa pathway

A

VTA –> nucleus accumbens

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4
Q

4.1: Mesocortical dopa pathway

A

VTA –> Frontal cortex

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5
Q

4.1: Similarity limbic & motor loop

A

limbic: stimulus –> outcome
motor: stimulus –> response
- -> both prioritize stimulus with highest outcome & resolve competition between different reward/ motor programs

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6
Q

4.1: Similarity limbic loop & ballot model

A

both compatible with ballot model; vote for/against stimuli

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7
Q

4.2: What does tonic DOPA mean?

A

-DOPA neurons are continuously active

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8
Q

4.2: What does phasic DOPA mean?

A
  • DOPA neurons are active in phase ( on – off – on – off - …)
  • Phasic activation = burst activity
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9
Q

4.2: Where does DOPA come from?

A
  • Input: from VTA & NA (nucleus accumbens)
  • -> From VTA: connected to primary rewards (e.g. food)
  • -> From NA: connected to secondary rewards (e.g. money)
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10
Q

4.2: Where does DOPA project to?

A

DLS (=dorsolateral striatum) & VMS (=ventromedial striatum)

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11
Q

4.2: What does DOPA signify?

A

-reward neurons –> midbrain DOPA-mediated signals the pure reward of objects

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12
Q

When do midbrain DOPA neurons exhibit phasic activity after?

A

following primary food & liquid rewards

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13
Q

4.2: When else is DOPA released?

A

-after prediction error
-show phasic activation following conditioned visual, auditory & somatosensory reward-predicting stimuli
==> signals reward & reward prediction

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14
Q

4.2: How does DOPA respond to a positive reward prediction error (smth unpredicted)?

A

phasic activation

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15
Q

4.2: How does DOPA respond to a neutral reward prediction error (completely predicted)?

A

no response of DOPA

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16
Q

4.2: How does DOPA respond to a negative reward prediction error (lower than predicted)?

A

depression

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17
Q

4.3: How does a conditioned inhibition paradigm work?

A

test stimulus is presented simultaneously with an established reward-predicting stimulus, but not reward is given afterwards –> test stimulus predicts absence of rewards (conditioned inhibitor)

18
Q

4.3: Conditioned inhibition paradigm: omission of reward after conditioned inhibitors–> DOPA response?

A

does NOT lead to a prediction error or response in dopaminergic neurons

19
Q

4.3: Conditioned inhibition paradigm: occurrence of reward after conditioned inhibitors–> DOPA response?

A

strong positive prediction error = enhanced activation of dopaminergic neurons

20
Q

4.3: How does the blocking paradigm work?

A

stimulus is not learned as a valid reward-predicting, conditioned stimulus if it is paired with an already fully predicted reward

21
Q

4.3: Blocking paradigm: absence of reward after blocked stimulus–> DOPA response?

A

NO prediction errror –> NO DOPA response

22
Q

4.3: Blocking paradigm: reward after blocked stimulus–> DOPA response?

A

positive-prediction error –> DOPA response

23
Q

4.3: What does time sensitivity & context dependency of the DOPA signal mean?

A
  • time sensitive: very high –> DOPA neurons are not activated by reward-predicting conditioned stimuli that are predicted by another stimulus with a time course in a range of seconds
  • context dependency:
24
Q

4.3: How do DOPA neurons react to neutral stimuli
combined with rewards?
–> after reward?
–> after cues predicting absence of rewards?

A
  • phasic activation after conditioned reward-predicting stimuli –> response proportional to the subjective value of reward predicted by the stimuli
  • depressed activity for cues predicting the absence of rewards
25
Q
  1. 3: How do DOPA neurons react to alerting stimuli?

- -> physically intense stimuli?

A

-Physically intense stimuli: induce activation of dopaminergic neurons, which is enhanced by stimulus novelty

26
Q

4.3: Which kind of events do DOPA neurons have a combined sensitivity to?

A

to rewarding & physically salient events

27
Q

4.3: How do DOPA neurons react to aversive stimuli?

A

respond mostly with depression to aversive events

28
Q
  1. 3: How do DOPA neurons react to aversive stimuli?

- -> Time course

A
  • Slower responses in comparison to reward related activity

- responses start slowly & last for several seconds

29
Q
  1. 3: How do DOPA neurons encode reward uncertainty?
    - -> which pattern of activation?
    - -> at postsynaptic level?
A
  • 1/3 of DOPA neurons show a low, sustained &moderate activation between reward-predicting stimuli & reward
  • At postsynaptic level: low DOPA concentrations appropriate for stimulating D2 receptors (high affinity)
  • -> highest at 50/50 chance
30
Q

4.4: Which range of stimuli can elicit a (primary) phasic dopamine response in humans?

A

unconditioned, biologically & evolutionary relevant stimuli, e.g., food, water, sex

31
Q

4.4: Why is in reward selection tasks the

actual reward often made somewhat different from the reward that is promised to the participants (RPE)?

A

-Reward precidtion error –> DOPA response

32
Q

4.4: Why is this manipulation not necessary in a complex cognitive task, where the reward is feedback information on how well the participant did on each trial?

A

o Info about correctness of an answer –> acts as a generalized conditioned reinforcer
o task itself & its successful performance can be rewarding ==> cognitive feedback alone can be enough of a reward
- RPE: you can’t predict which feedback you get –> kind of social approval (you can never predict cognitive feedback 100%) ==> pp are never 100% sure if they performed correct

33
Q

4.4: At which 2 points during learning do DOPA neurons respond?

A
  1. If reward predicting stimulus is detected –> dopa burst OR
  2. If reward is delivered –> dopa burst
34
Q

4.5: What does phasic dopamine has to do with addiction & self-stimulation?

A

any stimulation that increases phasic dopamine in the ventral striatum is addictive (example:self-stimulation experiments in animals)

35
Q
  1. 5: Willuhn et al’s (2012) experiment on development of addiction
    - -> AIM
A

to investigate neural substrates underlying development of drug abuse

36
Q
  1. 5: Willuhn et al’s (2012) experiment on development of addiction
    - -> METHODS
A
  • Longitudinal neurochemical recordings of 3 weeks
  • Rats got implanted with catheters that facilitated cocaine administration
  • If they poked the accurate key, cocaine got directly administered
37
Q
  1. 5: Willuhn et al’s (2012) experiment on development of addiction
    - -> RESULTS
    - phasic DOPA release where?
    - which signal declined& which emerged?
A
  • phasic DOPA release in the VMS & DLS after the operant response for drug
  • -> VMS signal declined & DLS signal emerged during the progression of the drug taking
38
Q
  1. 5: Willuhn et al’s (2012) experiment on development of addiction
    - -> which parts of the striatum are required when?
A
  • VMS is required for the first phase of addiction (= feedback-based, cocaine reinforced learning)
  • DLS is required when this feedback-based learning is not necessary anymore
39
Q

4.5: What happens when the VMS is lesioned in rats regarding the development of addiction?

A

Lesion in VMS –> prevents the development of phasic dopamine signalling in DLS

40
Q

4.6: What’s the relationship between reward, motivation & habits?

A

-motivation starts with the urge to obtain a particular goal, or the wanting of that goal –> usually a reward (or a drug)
-While pursuing the goal, the organism learns what cues in the environment signal the availability of the goal/reward, what action bring the goal closer &
what leads to consumption
-These cues & actions become habits that start to get control over the behavior of the organism
-After a while, it is no longer the desire for the goal (LIKING), but these cues & habits that drive the organism to the consumption of the drug (WANTING)

41
Q

4.5: Willuhn’s study –> DOPA antagonist

A

-one group: dopa antagonist in first week & the other in third week ==> In both groups: led to more cocaine consumption
- third week: also more poked to control poke (so alsopressed non-drug key)
-first week: more pokes that got cocaine
==> DLS important for effective plan on how to get drugs; important for behaviour specification (&not about more consumption)

42
Q

4.1: Nigrostriatal DOPA pathway

A

Substantia nigra –> thalamus –> striatum

Action (Neuroscience) (8 decks)

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