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Action (Neuroscience) > Task 1 > Flashcards

Task 1 Flashcards

1
Q

1.1.: What brain structures/systems are involved in planning an action in response to visually
presented object?

A

Intraparietal cortex (IPC), PFC, FEF, (pre)SMA & PMd+M1

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2
Q

Function of Intraparietal cortex (IPC)?

A

‘What?’

  • Representing relevant stimuli
  • Helps selecting motor goals
  • Salience map for spatial attention
  • Guides visual attention
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3
Q

Function of (lateral) PFC?

A

‘What?’

  • Translates visual targets into motor goals
  • Encodes relationship between object & goals –> according to rules
  • Determines whether to proceed motor action or to inhibit –> influenced by priming & difficulty
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4
Q

Function of frontal eye filed (FEF)?

A

‘What?’

  • Represents motor goals selected on behalf of stimuli
  • Initially several target choices but evolves to only one goal –> Drift diffusion model
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5
Q

Function of (pre)-SMA?

A

‘How?’

  • Action selection
  • Control over voluntary actions in situations of response conflict
  • PRE-SMA: Monitoring of outcomes
  • SMA: Inhibition of primed actions
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6
Q

Function of PMd + M1?

A

‘How?’

  • Movement specification
  • Determine motor command of limb & postural adjustment
  • Activity before movement –> define how it is executed
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7
Q

1.2.: Explain Wong’s scheme –> WHAT pathway (selection of motor goals)

A

Observation of environment (LIP) –> Attention –> Object selection (LIP) –> Application of task rules to select object (PFC) –> Motor goals (FEF)

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8
Q

Explain Wong’s scheme –> HOW pathway (motor planning)

A 
Action selection (pre-SMA, PMv) --> Movement specification (PMd & M1)
=> complex tasks: abstract cinematics
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9
Q

What’s the role of feedback control policies?

A

o We flexibly change plans
o Allows us to be more flexible, it’s less effortful
o Corrections to initial movement plan
o Flexibly reapplies + changes old plan rather than making a new plan
==> Inverse model: comparison between predicted vs actual sensory feedback

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10
Q

1.3.: What is the HOW-pathway? Its function? (EXOGENOUS pathway)

A
  • dorsal pathway
  • -> visuomotor integration
  • -> how to direct action with regards to stimulus
  • -> motor planning
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11
Q

Where is the HOW (dorsal) pathway in the brain?

A

visual cortex –> parietal cortex –> premotor cortex

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12
Q

Where is the dorso-dorsal stream in the brain?

A

V3a –>V6 –> V6a –> dorsal PMA

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13
Q

Function of dorso-dorsal stream? Important for what- grasp or use?

A

-Online visually guided motor control
-Processes structural characteristics (size, shape, orientation) to guide online action toward a currently visible stimulus
-Structure-based action
==> GRASP system

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14
Q

Which disorder does a lesion in dorso-dorsal stream lead to?

A

optic ataxia –> misreaching visual targets

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15
Q

Where is the ventro-dorsal stream in the brain?

A

Medial superior temporal area –> inferior parietal lobe –> ventral PMA

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16
Q

Function of ventro-dorsal stream? Important for what- grasp or use?

A

-More cognitive, based on long-term experiences with objects
-Important for ‘praxis’ + tool use
-Transforms visual inputs into representations
-Function-based actions
==> USE system

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17
Q

Which disorder does a lesion in ventro-dorsal stream lead to?

A

ideomotor/limb apraxia ==> impaired performance of skilled motor acts (without direct visual control)
(but intact sensory, motor + language function)

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18
Q

Visual pathway: Ventral ‘what’ pathway

A
  • Recognition of objects
  • ‘what am I seeing?’
  • From V1-V4 to inferior temporal cortex
19
Q

Visual pathway: Dorsal ‘how’ pathway

A
  • Involved in visually guided behaviour
  • ‘How to adjust my behaviour based on visual perception?’
  • V1-V4 to parietal cortex
  • Subdivison into 2 pathways
    1. dorso-dorsal pathway
  • -> online visually guidance of actions
    2. ventro-dorsal pathway
  • -> skill-based/tool-based action
20
Q

1.4: Endogenous action- which areas are involved in self-generated movement?

A

Medial frontal lobe: Pre-SMA, SMA, ACC + SEF (=supplementary eye field)

21
Q

Evidence from monkey studies- what happenes when you remove (pre)-SMA or cingulate motor areas?

A

Reduction in self-initiated movements + inability to learn new movements

22
Q

Evidence from Sumner study (lesioned patients)

A

one of the roles of the SMA + SEF is to contribute automatic inhibition of primed actions

23
Q

Role of SMA & SEF in voluntary behaviour

A

-involved in unconscious + involuntary motor control
-mediate automatic effector-specific suppression of motor plans
==> Automatic inhibition is an important part of flexible, volitional behaviour

24
Q

Role of pre-SMA in voluntary behaviour

A
  • parietal external + medial-prefrontal internal source of action control
  • > kept in balance from the pre-SMA
  • Activity starts earlier when self-initiated than externally motivated actions
25
Q

Role of anterior cingulate sulcus in voluntary behaviour

A
  • Assigning values to goals
  • Cells fire when action is not followed by expected reward -> alternative action must be performed next
  • Involved in switching between actions when no external cue specifies a switch
26
Q

1.5: Sumner Study- Hypotheses

A
  • SMA responsible for inhibition of manual movements

- SEF responsible for inhibition of eye movements

27
Q

1.5: Sumner Study- Task paradigm

A

-subj. responded to target arrows (either left or right)
- preceded by brief primes (again, either left or right)
rendered invisible by the mask

28
Q

1.5: Sumner Study- Results

A

hypothesized effects confirmed → therefore: dissociation between mechanisms of control
undertaken by SMA or SEF and those by pre-SMA

29
Q

What is a negative compatibility effect (NCE) & when does it occur?

A

at longer prime- target delays → negative compatibility
effect (NCE) = response slower for compatible than for
incompatible primes

30
Q

What is NCE an index for?

A

an automatic inhibitory mechanism that suppresses the subthreshold motor activation evoked by the prime, stopping it from interfering with an alternative response to the target

31
Q

Sumner study- Hypotheses about patients

A

CB: disrupted inhibition for both eye and manual responses

- JR: dissociation between manual and saccadic responses → only eye responses impaired

32
Q

Sumner study- Hypotheses about patients & lesions of patients

A
  • CB: disrupted inhibition for both eye & manual responses (CB → damaged SEF & SMA)
  • JR: dissociation between manual & saccadic responses → only eye responses impaired (SEF damaged; much of SMA spared)
33
Q

What are SMA&SEF important for as shown in Sumner’s study?

A

SMA & SEF contribute to automatic inhibition of primed actions –> important component of flexible, volitional behavior

34
Q

1.6: Ideomotor apraxia- symptoms

A

Impaired performance of skilled motor acts (despite intact sensory, motor and language function) –> tool use impaired

35
Q

1.6: Ideomotor apraxia- Causes

A

lesions in inferior parietal & ventral premotor cortex & connecting white matter–> networks

36
Q

1.6: Ideomotor apraxia- linked to which stream?

A

ventro-dorsal stream (How stream) –> skilled, functional object-related action (long-term experience with objects & tools)
–> interact, grasp, manipulate objects

37
Q

1.6: Optic ataxia-symptoms

A
  • Impaired use of visual information for action guidance

- Can discriminate object size, but cannot scale their grip appropriately

38
Q

1.6: Optic ataxia- causes

A

Caused by superior posterior parietal lobe lesions

39
Q

1.6: Optic ataxia- linked to which stream?

A

dorso-dorsal stream (How stream) –> reach component

40
Q

1.6: Alien hand syndrome-causes

A

Lesions in medial (pre-)SMA –> involved in suppressing inappropriate/unwanted action plans

41
Q

What’s the role of SEF & SMA regarding affordances?

A

Frees from affordances of environment

42
Q

Figure 2: Grasp vs use ==> GRASP

A
  • structure-based action –> grasping: only slower for conflict items when preceded by use task
  • Grasp: Quickly activated but also decays very quickly
43
Q

Figure 2: Grasp vs use ==> USE

A

-Function based actions –> use: slower for conflict object –> more related to longer processing; we also take memory & knowledge into account

Action (Neuroscience) (8 decks)

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