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Action (Neuroscience) > Task 2 > Flashcards

Task 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2.1: Which brain parts does the lPFC in humans consist of?

A

IFS (inferior frontal sulcus) & IFJ (inferior frontal junction)

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2
Q

2.1: IFJ - where it is located?

A

at junction between posterior IFS & precentral sulcus

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3
Q

2.1: What does area 46/the principal sulcus in macaque monkey correspond to in humans?

A

Area 46 in principal sulcus (PS) macaque –> IFS in human brain (–> area 46 in humans in middle frontal
gyrus!)

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4
Q

2.1: Which areas does the lPFC correspond to in monkeys + humans?

A

posterior PS in macaque monkeys & posterior IFS + IFJ in humans

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5
Q

2.4: What is PFC generally involved in?

A
  • representing acquired relationships between various pieces of information (necessary for intelligent behaviour)
  • important for temporal integration
  • learning is important in the formation of PFC representations & organization
  • extracts information about the regularities across experiences (impart rules to guide thought and action)
  • Rule-dependent activity
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6
Q

2.4: Miller’s model –> Representation of task elements

A
  • there are several cues & possible actions interconnected

- Units in the PFC are internal / hidden units (intervening stages of processes)

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7
Q

2.4: Miller’s model –> Which areas are the dorsal + posterior lateral PFC regions interconnected with?

A

cortical areas that process visuospatial & motor information

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8
Q

2.4: Miller’s model –> Which areas are the ventral + anterior lateral PFC regions interconnected with?

A

cortical areas that emphasize information about visual form and stimulus identity

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9
Q

2.4: Miller’s model –> Which areas is the ventral (orbitofrontal) PFC interconnected with?

A

associated with subcortical structures that process ‘internal’ information

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10
Q
  1. 4: PFC –> SUSTAINED ACTIVITY WITH DISTRACTORS
    - What does it mean?
    - How is it mediated?
    - How does it relate to WM tasks?
A

-PFC maintains goal-relevant information without distraction via a gating signal –> mediated by dopamine influx
-Holds temporary information on-line (to form association)
==> Sustained activity in PFC extends beyond WM tasks

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11
Q
  1. 4: PFC –> TOP-DOWN CONTROL & BIAS
    - How does PFC biases processing?
    - Which kind of influence?
A

-PFC activity provides an excitatory signal that biases processing in other brain systems towards task-relevant information 🡪 top-down influence

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12
Q

2.4: PFC –> What can PFC do through bias?

A

PFC can select the neural pathways needed to perform the task (flexibly guides flow of activity)

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13
Q
  1. 4: PFC –> RULE-SWITCHING

- What is PFC needed for?

A

PFC is needed for implementing task information (esp. when familiar behaviours need to be flexibly combined into a coherent sequence)

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14
Q

2.4: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test –> How do pp with lPFC damage do on the task?

A

can learn the first rule but then they are unable to escape it: they make many errors because they lapse back to the earlier rule
–> cannot flexibly switch between rules/tasks

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15
Q

2.4: Evidence of PFC biasing perception (Xu paper)

A
  • IFJ (=inferior frontal junction) was synchronized with FFA when faces were attended & with PPA when houses were attended
  • IFJ was leading FFA/PPA with a constant time-lag of about 20 ms –> IFJ thus appeared to be the driver of the synchrony
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16
Q

2.4: Through which mechanisms does IFJ (PFC) bias perception?

A

through neural synchrony with posterior regions where the actual sensory signals are contained

17
Q

2.5: Evidence that actvivity in PFC does not represent WM demands- Passingham

A
  • different areas involved in maintenance of spatial location during delay period
  • Posterior PFC
  • middle PFC/DLPFC
18
Q

2.5: Evidence that actvivity in PFC does not represent WM demands- Miller

A
  • Learning associations (lPFC) can become automatic

- Less dependent on PFC for rules & tasks

19
Q

2.5: Evidence that actvivity in PFC does not represent WM demands- Xu

A

IFJ –> involved in neural synchrony with other brain areas (interconnectivity of PFC)

20
Q

2.5: Evidence that actvivity in PFC does not represent WM demands- Bunge

A
  • LPFC not involved in maintaining rule representation in WM during delay period
  • -> Activity during delay does not reflect WM alone
  • -> WM much more complex
  • -> LPFC not key component of WM
  • ->More areas than lPFC involved in WM
21
Q

2.5: Passingham –> what could sustained actvity reflect?

A
  • Maintenance of sensory info
  • response preparation
  • transformation
  • task rules
  • goals/rewards
22
Q

2.5: Passingham –> what’s special about sustained activity in PFC?

A
  • prospective use of that information
  • PFC lies at top of the sensory & motor hierarchy
  • -> receives information from all sensory modalities & sends outputs to the motor system
23
Q

2.5: Inactivation of which area interferes with WM tasks?

A

Inactivation of PFC but not parietal cortex interferes with delayed response performance

24
Q

2.6: Animal studies- WM- methods

A
  1. Monkeys see stimulus
  2. Delay
  3. Another Stimulus
    → have to decide whether stimuli match
    or not (match rule vs. nonmatch rule)
25
Q

2.6: Animal studies- WM- results

A

-neurons fired around area that translates to IFS in
humans
- neurons for match rule: fire more during delay period → correlated to keeping ‘online’ of which rule is being followed

26
Q

2.6: Human studies- Spatial Delayed Response Task- Methods

A
  1. Fixation cross → you fixate it with your eyes
  2. A stimulus appears but you do not look at it
  3. Stimulus disappears
  4. You need to remember where it was
  5. Delay period (during this period PFC is monitored)
  6. Fixation cross disappears → Response: you make an eye movement to
    where the stimulus was
27
Q

2.6: Human studies- Anti-Saccade Task

A

only difference: when fixation cross disappears → you make an eye movement to the opposite direction of where the stimulus was

28
Q

2.6: Which info about neurons can you get when you combine the Spatial Delayed Response Task & Anti Saccade Task?

A

→ with both tasks combined: you can dissociate the neurons that code for the stimulus & the ones that code for the response itself

29
Q

2.6: What are the findings of the Spatial Delayed Response Task & Anti Saccade Task?

A
  • neurons in lateral PFC maintain the location of the stimulus for later use
  • groups of neurons code for different things, e.g ., some code for saccade, some for rules…
30
Q

2.6: Is lPFC as locus of working memory? Why (not)?

A

NO,

  • neurons also active during non-working memory tasks
  • delay activity also seen in dorsal parietal cortex
31
Q

2.6: What is special about the PFC delay activity? (3 things)

A
  1. only inactivation of lPFC interferes with delayed response
  2. more delay activity when a response can be prepared during the delay
  3. only lPFC activity predicts recall after distraction
32
Q

2.6: SO what does lPFC actually do/is important for?

A
  • responsible for stimulus response mapping & control of task execution
  • representation of abstract rules
33
Q

2.2: What does the central position of the lPFC suggest for its role in cognition?

A
  • positioned between the (dorsal) attention systems & the medial action selection structures
  • transfers visual cues into motor goals (FEF)
  • uses info from attention system to make a motor goal
34
Q
  1. 3: Why can the lPFC be seen as the integrator of cognitive episodes?
    - -> temporal representations of all relevant task elements (Passingham paper –> 5 kinds of info activity of lPFC cells reflect)
A
  • Maintenance of sensory info
  • Response preparation
  • Transformation
  • Task rules
  • Goals/rewards
35
Q

2.3: Why can the lPFC be seen as the integrator of cognitive episodes? –> Place holders/tags?

A
  • representations are place holders/tags for real representation in remote regions (sensory areas, language or motor areas)
  • -> lPFC: involved in task acquisition , but not in long-term storage (more posterior cortex)
  • -> lPFC: biases selection of certain pathways
36
Q

2.3: Why can the lPFC be seen as the integrator of cognitive episodes? –> feedback modulation

A

-via feedback modulation lPFC optimizes/keeps active these remote representations & prioritizes processing of task-relevant elements

Action (Neuroscience) (8 decks)

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