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Functional Neuroanatomy > Task 4 - organization of cerebral cortex > Flashcards

Task 4 - organization of cerebral cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Neocortex vs Paleocortex, Archicortex

A

-Neocortex: most of human cortex, 6 layers

  • Paleocortex: in olfactory bulb
  • Archicortex: hippocampus
  • > older areas of cortex, 3 layers
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2
Q

Major neural cell types in the cortex

A
  • pyramidal

- granular

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3
Q

Pyramidal cells

A
  • layer 3 and 5
  • axons project out of cortex into other regions of the brain and spinal cord
  • main output cells of cortex
  • primary motor cortex: large number of pyramidal neurons -> to lower motor areas -> via corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
  • primary motor cortex also referred to as ‘agranular cortex’
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4
Q

Granular cells

A
  • layers 2 and 4
  • ‘stellate neurons’
  • shorter axons, smaller dendrites
  • remain within cortex, main interneurons
  • primary sensory cortex has a lot (‘granular cortex’)
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5
Q

Layer 1 and Layer 6

A
  • layer 1: molecular layer, mainly neuronal processes

- layer 6: multiform layer, output neurons of varying shapes and sizes

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6
Q

Cytoarchitecture

A
  • functional units -> cortical columns
  • > specialized to process specific inputs/outputs
  • > cytoarchitecture of columns depends on function
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7
Q

different subcortical fibers (3)

A

1) Association
2) Commissural
3) Projection

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8
Q

Association fibers in general

A
  • interconnect areas within one hemisphere
  • short ones -> adjacent gyri, sulci
  • long -> more distant areas
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9
Q

Association fibers (a,b,c,d)

A

a) superior longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus
b) inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus
c) superior occipitofrontal fasciculus
d) Cingulum

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10
Q

superior longitudinal fasciculus

A
  • most compact in midportion, above insula

- spreads to frontal lobe anteriorly and to parietal and occipital lobes posteriorly

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11
Q

inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus

A
  • below insula

- frontal -> through temporal -> to occipital

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12
Q

cingulum

A
  • deep in cingulate and parahippocampal gyri (limbic lobe)

- connects areas of the limbic cortex

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13
Q

Superior occipitofrontal fasiculus

A

-

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14
Q

Superior occipitofrontal fasiculus

A
  • adjacent and superior to corpus callosum

- connects frontal, parietal and occipital lobes

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15
Q

commissural fibers in general

A
  • connect areas of cortex in one hemisphere with some areas in opposite hemisphere
  • majority of commissural fibers cross the midline in largest cortical commissure (corpus callosum)
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16
Q

commissural fibers (a,b)

A

a) corpus callosum

b)

17
Q

corpus callosum

A

-connects to parietal lobes and posterior parts of frontal lobes

18
Q

corpus callosum

A
  • connects to parietal lobes and posterior parts of frontal lobes
  • fibers enter hemispheres and fan out to reach all parts of cortex
  • forceps minor: anterior end
  • forceps major: posterior end
19
Q

Genu

A
  • anterior of cc

- connect 2 frontal lobes

20
Q

splenium

A
  • posterior pole of cc

- connects occipital lobes and posterior temporal lobes

21
Q

anterior commissure

A

connects anterior temporal lobes and olfactory bulbs

22
Q

posterior commissure

A

-located in the midbrain and connects pretecal nuclei

23
Q

Projection fibres in general

A
  • travel to and from the cortex
  • to/from thalamus
  • descend to basal ganglia, brainstem, spinal cord

-internal capsule

24
Q

Anatomy of internal capsule

A
  • V shaped in horizontal section
  • anterior limb: between caudate and lenticular nucleus (GP and putamen)

-posterior limb: between thalamus and lenticular nucleus and genu, where two limbs meet

25
Q

2 approaches to solve problem of high complexity and structural variability between individuals

A

1) volumetric approach: define outer boundaries of cerebrum and anterior and posterior commissure -> then rescale subvolumes according to a specific brain -> problem: when 2 different brains are put in same system they don’t align
2) cortex surface based approach: alignment of cortices of individuals brains (aufpumpen)

26
Q

Axpolasmatic transport

A
  • process responsible for movement of organelles (mitochondria), lipids, proteins, synaptic vesicles and other parts of cell membrane to and from the soma
  • > down the axon to the synapse and back up to soma
27
Q

microtubules

A
  • run along length of axon and provide main cytoskeletal tracks for transportation
  • motor proteins (Kinesin, Dynein) bind and transport different cargoes
28
Q

Axonal transport can be fast/ slow and in different directions:

A
  • Anterograde: from soma to axon tip/cell body to synapse, cell membrane
  • > mediated by Kinesins
  • Retrograde: from synapse/plasma membrane -> to cell body / soma
  • mediated by Dynein
  • > source of recycling substances found at synaptic ending+ informs soma of conditions at axon terminals
29
Q

global brain architecture: small world architecture

A
  • network in which constituent nodes exhibit a large degree of clustering
  • a dense local clustering of connections between neighbouring nodes
  • short span length between nodes due to relatively few long-range connections
  • > minimizes wiring
  • > high specialization and high integration
30
Q

global brain architecture: hub , edges

A
  • hub: node that is central to communication across different brain systems ( discussion leader)
  • module: cluster of nodes
  • > modular organization in brain
  • edge: connection between two nodes
  • > edges are not random, they are the most ideal connection there is
31
Q

global brain architecture - hemispheric connectivities

A
  • highest correlation is among the primary sensory cortices
  • left hemisphere: strong bias towards intrahemispheric connectivity: language and motor coordination
  • right hemisphere: visuospatial and attentional processing -> stronger connectivities with homologous regions in the left hemisphere
  • > interhemispheric bias
32
Q

global brain architecture - networks

A

-many brain areas that are engaged during diverse sets of cognitive tasks also form a coherent large-scale network that can be readily identified

33
Q

global brain architecture - activated and deactivated brain systems

A
  • neural plasticity
  • > in some systems supressed
  • > other systems are preferentially actively engaged in processing task-relevant info
  • > responses within these regions increase/decrease proportionately and often antagonistically in relation to specific cognitive demands
34
Q

default-mode network

A
  • important for:
  • self-referential mental processes
  • self-monitoring
  • other cognitive functions that support self-referential mental activity
  • brain regions that are deactivate during wide range of cognitive tasks
  • > posterior cingulate gyrus and medial PFC
  • active during:
  • > episodic memory retrieval
  • > autobiographical memory
  • > internal speech

-> activity mediated by salience network

35
Q

salience network

A

integrates brain signals involved in conflict monitoring, interoceptive-autonomic and reward-processing areas into a common salience network

-attentional capture and signaling to other brain systems

  • anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex
  • strong links with paralimbic and limbic areas
36
Q

central executive network

A
  • actively maintaining and manipulating information in the working memory, for rule-based problem-solving and decision-making in the context of goal-directed behaviour
  • Dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices and the supramarginal gyrus
  • > dynamic interactions between these networks regulates shifts in attention and access to goal-relevant cognitive resources
37
Q

example default mode/salience/executive network

A
  • you are in a lecture, just dreaming instead of listeniing
  • > default mode network is active
  • Suddenly, you hear a word that sounds important
  • > salience network kicks in

consider the stuff that caught your attention to be important
-> salience network mediates a shift from the default mode network to central executive network

Functional Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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