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Functional Neuroanatomy > Task 3 - Cerebellum > Flashcards

Task 3 - Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

function cerebellum

A
  • balance (inner ear)
  • smooth movements
  • if not, it corrects them
  • equilibrium (inner ear)
  • muscle tone (proprioceptive info used)
  • coordination (info from motor areas in cortex)
  • motor learning
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2
Q

parts of cerebellum (3)

A

1) cerebrocerebellum
2) Spinocerebellum
3) Vestibulocerbellum

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3
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

-lateral cerebellar hemisphere
-Input: directly from cortex
-regulation and guidance of highly skilled movements
(planning and execution of complex spatial and temporal sequences of movement)

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4
Q

Spinocerbellum

A
  • median (vermis) and paramedian (more lateral) zone of hemisphere
  • input: from spinal cord

-paramedian zone: movement of distal muscles
(info from upper and lower extremities)

-vermis: movement of proximal muscles and certain eye movements
(vermis gets sensory info from trunk head neck)

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5
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A
  • caudal-inferior lobes ( flocculus and noduclus)
  • input: vestibular nuclei in brainstem
  • regulation of movement underlying posture equilibrium and vestibulo-ocular reflex (fix eyes on object and move head -> object is fixed, eyes stay fixed) and balance
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6
Q

Pathways (cerebellar peduncles - 3)

A

1) superior cerebellar peduncle/brachium conjunction
2) middle cerebellar peduncles/brachium pontis
3) Inferior cerebellar peduncles/ restiform body

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7
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle/ brachium conjunction

A
  • almost entirely efferent pathway
  • Location: neurons that give rise to this pathway are in the deep cerebellar nuclei
  • Deep Cerebellar Nuclei -> Dorsal Thalamus -> Pre-Motor and Primary Motor
  • Deep Cerebellar Nuclei -> Superior Colliculus
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8
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle/ brachium pontis

A
  • affarent, contralateral
  • most areas of cortex and superior colliculus -> cell bodies in pontine nuclei of pons -> transverse pontine fibers cross via middle cerebellar peduncle -> cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei
  • one of largest pathways in NS
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9
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle/ restiform body

A
  • smallest but most complex
  • affarent pathways: axons from vestibular nuclei (balance, posture) and tegmentum
  • efferent: project to vestibular nuclei and reticular formation
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10
Q

affarent vs efferent

A

affarent -> empfangen, sensorisch

efferent -> agieren , motorisch

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11
Q

4 major deep nuclei in each cerebellar hemisphere

A

1) Dentate nucleus
2) Two interposed nuclei
3) Fastigal nucleus

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12
Q

Dentate nucleus

A
  • largest nucleus in humans
  • receives most input from cerebrocerebellum
  • > projects mostly to premotor and association cortices
  • > motor planing
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13
Q

Two interposed nuclei

A
  • most input from spinocerebellum
  • to motor cortex and brainstem
  • > motor execution
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14
Q

Fastigial nucleus

A
  • input from spinocerebellum
  • to motor cortex and brainstem
  • > motor execution
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15
Q

Cerebrocerebellar pathway

A
  • to dentate nucleus
  • decussates at superior cerebellar peduncle
  • ascends to thalamus
  • then to premotor area
  • motor planning
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16
Q

Spinocerebellar pathway starting interposed nucleus

A
  • interposed nucleus
  • > project via superior peduncle
  • > to thalamus
  • > frontal lobe
  • motor execution
17
Q

Spinocerebellum starting at fastigial nucleus

A
  • fastigial nuclei (vermis)
  • > inferior peduncle
  • > reticular formation (spinal cord)
  • > vestibular complex
  • > proximate limb muscles
18
Q

Vestibulocerebellar pathway

A
  • inferior peduncle
  • > vestibular complex
  • movement of eyes, head, neck
19
Q

Inputs to cerebellum

A
  • cortex
  • spinal cord and medulla
  • trigeminal complex
  • vestibular nuclei
20
Q

Input from cortex

A
  • via pontine nuclei (Pons)
  • > to cereberocerebellum
  • contralateral
21
Q

spinal cord and medulla input

A
  • to spinocerebellum
  • innervated by proprioceptive axons from lower and upper body parts respectively

-proprioceptive: sense of self-movement and body position

22
Q

Trigeminal complex input

A
  • to spinocerebellum

- proprioceptive signals from the face

23
Q

input vestibular nuclei and axons from 8th cranial nerve ( inner ear to brain)

A

-to vestibulocerebellum
-info from ear
-

24
Q

input from inferior olive and locus coeruleus

A
  • in brainstem

- > learning and memory function

25
Q

Timing Hypothesis

A
  • cerebellum critical for sensorimotor learning
  • generates predictions that are temporally precise
  • cortical areas select effectors while cerebellum supplies the precise timing
  • lesions are most disruptive to highly practiced movements
  • > present greatest need for precise timing
26
Q

cerebellum contralateral ?

A

In contrast to the cerebral hemispheres, the left side of the cere- bellum is concerned with movements of the left side of the body, and the right side of the cerebellum is concerned with movements of the right side.

27
Q

3 layers of cerebellum (from outside to inside)

A
  • molecular level (basket cells, stellate cell, parallel fibers)
  • purkinje layer
  • granule layer
28
Q

stellate cells and baskets cells

A
  • activated -> release inhibitory neurotransmitters

- inhibit purkinje cells

29
Q

neural activity in cerebellum

A
  • cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei have spontaneous activity during rest
  • during movements both are mainly active during movement changes
30
Q

cerebellar lesions and diseases - in general

A

-difficulty in producing smooth and coordinated movements = cerebellar ataxia (disruption of role in correction of errors in ongoing movements)
-damage always on same side as lesion (ipsilateral)
-

31
Q

alcohol abuse leads to.. in cerebellum…

A
  • degeneration in anterior portion of cerebellar cortex

- affects movements in lower limbs

32
Q

Damage to vestibulocerebellum

A
  • impairs ability to stand upright and maintain direction of gaze
  • disruption of pw to vestibular nuclei -> reduction in muscle tone
33
Q

Damage to spinocerebellum

A
  • difficulty controlling walking movements and alternating movements
  • > hypermetric movements: movements that extend beyond the intended target
34
Q

Lesions of cerebrocerebellum

A

-impairments in highly skilled sequences of learned movements (speech, playing a musical instrument)

35
Q

Article: disruption of state estimation in the human lateral cerebellum (Miall)

what is meant by state estimation process?

A
  • cerebellum crucial for estimation process
  • > combines info from efferent motor signals and sensory afferent signals of the motor system
  • sensory info reaches brain only after short delay, muscle may already be in motion
  • brain must calculate ‘state estimate’ by combining sensory info about last known position of muscle with predictions of its responses to recent movement commands
  • > used to accurately plan and control movement
36
Q

Article: disruption of state estimation in the human lateral cerebellum (Miall)

-method and findings

A
  • using TMS -> interrupting several separate areas in the brain as participants reached a target
  • stimulation over cerebellum caused reaching error whereas stimulation to other brain areas did not disrupt reaching direction
  • > induced error due to disruption of state estimation process within ipsilateral cerebellum (TSM between go cue and reach-to-target movement)
  • reaching movement was inaccurately planned
37
Q

ataxia and forward model

A
  • people with ataxia have ability to select right movements in right sequences but still lack coordination
  • forward model is not intact (not synchronized with ongoing sensory signals)

Functional Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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