Task 3 - Adaptive Control of Thought

Question 1

Central hypothesis of cognitive science

Answer 1

Thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures.

Question 2

CRUM

Answer 2

Stands for Computational-Representational Understanding of Mind.
Approach to understanding the mind that is based on the central hypothesis of cogntitive science.

Question 3

5-criterion-framework for evaluating theories of mental representation

Thagard, 2005

Answer 3

1. Representational power
2. Computational power
3. Psychological plausibility
4. Neurological plausibility
5. Practical Applicability

Question 4

Propositional logic

Answer 4

A logic whose sentences are made of propositions that are true/false (symbols) and Boolean logical connectives such as and, not, and if…then

Question 5

First-order logic

Answer 5

A logic with a more expressive language. Instead of assuming that the world is made of propositions that are true/false, it assumes that the world is made of objects that can be related to each other in various ways

Question 6

Cognitive modeling

Answer 6

• Process of creating computational or mathematical models to simulate human cognitive processes
• Can help predict behavior
• Different types, including:
  1. Symbolic models (like ACT-R)
  2. Connectionist models
  3. Bayesian models

Question 7

Production rules

Answer 7

They consist of IF-THEN statements that define how a system should respond to different conditions.
Each rule consists of two parts:
1. Condition (IF part) – Specifies the situation or criteria that must be met
2. Action (THEN part) – Defines what happens when the condition is met

Question 8

ACT-R

Answer 8

ACT-R (Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational) is a cognitive architecture that models human cognition.
Includes declarative and procedural memeory, a goal stack and current goal and productiton rules

Question 9

Types of memory in ACT-R

Answer 9

1. Declarative memory
   [Collection of chunks, containing elements]
2. Procedural memory
   [Contains procedures in the form of production rules]

Question 10

Chunks

ACT-R

Answer 10

• Has a number of different elements (usually 2-4) in slots
• It also has the isa slot, which tells you which kind of chunk it is
• Each chunks has a level of activation. highly active chunks are easier to retrieve

Question 11

The process of learning production rules in ACT-R

Answer 11

1. Understanding
2. Production compilation
3. Practice

Question 12

List memory

Answer 12

An experimental paradigm used in cognitive psychology to investigate how people store and recall items from short-term memory. People show two things:
1. Primacy effect: Items at the beginning of list are remembered better
2. Recency effect: Items at the very end are remembered better

Question 13

3 types of goal transformations

Answer 13

1. Modifying
2. Creating (pushing on the stack)
3. Removing (popping from the stack)

Question 14

What influences the activation level of a chunk?

Answer 14

It’s the sum fo base-level activation and association strenght
1. Base-level activation: Depends on number of times chunk has been rehearsed
2. Association strenght: The strenght of the link between the item and the chunk (depends on how many chunks there are related to this item)

Question 15

Supervised learning

Answer 15

Type of machine learning where the model is trained on a labeled dataset, meaning the input data comes with corresponding correct answers (labels).

Question 16

Explanation-based learning

Answer 16

• Type of machine learning where a system learns by understanding and using explanations of the training examples.
• Instead of just memorizing examples, the system tries to generalize from a single example by creating a more abstract explanation