Task 2 - Creativity Flashcards
4 criteria for categorizing an answer/solution as creative
Newell, Shaw and Simon (1963)
- The answer has novelty and usefulness
- The answer demands that we reject ideas we had previously accepted
- The answer results from intense motivation and persitence
- The answer comes from clarifying a problem that was originally vague
Computational creativity
Computational creativity is a field of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on developing systems capable of performing tasks traditionally associated with human creativity, such as art creation, music composition, writing, design, and problem-solving.
Pastiche
Pastiche refers to a work of art, music, literature, or other forms of creative expression that imitates the style or elements of another artist, genre, or cultural period (often used as a way for AI to generate “new” works)
Exploratory creativity
Exploratory creativity refers to the process of generating new ideas or solutions through the exploration of possibilities, typically in an open-ended or trial-and-error manner.
Transformational creativity
Transformational creativity refers to the process of radically changing or reshaping existing ideas, concepts, or systems to create something entirely new and innovative
Neural network theories
Theoretical frameworks and models that attempt to explain how neural networks, both biological and artificial, function (how networks of interconnected “neurons” or units can lead to intelligent behavior)
4 stages of the creative process
- Preperation stage
- Incubation stage (problem is set aside)
- Illumination stage
- Verification/Elaboration
Campbell’s theory of creativity
There is nothing special about creativity (no special process)
Things occur at random and are forgotten most of the time (blind/random variation), until they pertain to a problem (selective retention)
Defocused attention
(Mendelsohn’s Theory of Creativity)
- To have a creative idea, multiple elemnts must be combined and need to be the focus of attention
- So if you have less focused attention, you are more creative
- When focused few nodes are highly activated and inhibit their surroundings
- When defocused activation more equally spread out
Mednick’s theory of creativity
The relative ordering of associative hierarchies is the same in creative & uncreative people, only the steepness of the hierarchies differs.
Associative hierachies
The set of activated nodes elicited by a word (can be steep meaning few are activated a lot, or flat meaning more are activated less)
Kris’ psychoanalytic theory of creativity
Creative people are more able to alternate between primary process and secondary process cognition than uncreative people
1. Primary process thinking is analogical, autistic (introspective, disconnected from external stimuli), and free associative
2. Secondary process thinking is abstract, logical, goal-oriented and reality-oriented
What does primary process thinking have to do with defocused attention?
- People have argued that primary process thinking corresponds to a state in which many nodes are weakly activated
- Corresponds to flat associative hierachies
Hull’s behavioral law
Increases in arousal make behavior more stereotyped, whereas decreases make behavior more variable
Hopfield network
Neural network with the following characteristics:
1. Every neuron is connected to every other neuron
2. Neurons have only two possible states (off/on)
3. Network adjusts itself to lower its energy
4. Network remembers patterns
5. They can fill in the blanks/mistakes in patterns
Pro/Big-C creativity
A type of creativity that includes the difficult decisions that professionals need to make when they encounter uncertainties
Little-C creativity
Everyday creativity. Individual capacities for doing things in novel ways (e.g. works of art, music and prose)
Individualistic definition of creativity
Creativity is a new mental combination that is expressed in the world. So:
* Has to be new/original
* Involves combinations
* Must be externalized
Sociocultural definition of creativity (system model)
Creativity is the generation of a product that is judged to be novel and also to be appropriate, useful, or valuable by a suitably knowledgeable social group. It never occurs in isolation.
7 heuristics of creativity
- Problem finding
- Knowledge aquisition
- Information collection
- Incubation
- Sivergent thinking
- Combination of ideas
- Convergent thinking
Default mode network (DMN)
- Regions that show increased activity in the absence of most externally presented cognitive tasks
- DMN activity associated with spontaneous and self-generated thought, including mind wandering etc.
Control network (CN)
Regions that show increased activity during cognitive processes that require externally directed attention including working memory, establishing relationships or connections and task-set switching (often antagonistic to DMN)
The DMN, CN and creativity
Beaty (2016)
Creativity might involve cooperation between the DMN and CN, as in if they work together more dynmically the person is more creative
(Evidenced by brain activity during domain-general creative cognition and during artistic performance)
Combination creativity
Producing unfamiliar combinations of familiar things (difficult for AI to do)
