task 2 - long-term memory and consolidation

Question 1

patient HM

Answer 1

→ frequent epileptic seizures since age 10

→ removed the medial temporal lobes bilaterally (proven to be helpful for patients with seizures)

→ developed amnesia

• seizures went down at a high level

→ lost the ability to form new memories

→ proved that motor movements were unaffected

• he performed better and better with the task even without remebering what he was doing

Question 2

declarative memory

Answer 2

a broad class of memories both semantic and episodic that can be typically be verbalized or explicitily communicated in some way

Question 3

nondeclarative memory

Answer 3

a broad class of memory that includes skill memory and other types of learning that do not fall under the heading of episodic and semantic memory and are not alwys consciously accessible or easy to verbalize

Question 4

explicit memory

Answer 4

a category of memory that includes semantic memory and episodic memory and consists of memories of which the person is aware ( yk the info)

Question 5

implicit memory

Answer 5

memory that occurs without the learners awareness

Question 6

episodic

Answer 6

memory for specific autobiographical events; it includes information about the spatial and temporal contects in which the events occurred

• learned in single exposure
• tagged with spatial and temporal context
• must experience the event personally

Question 7

semantic

Answer 7

memory for facts or general knowledge about the world, including general personal information

• strengthened by repetition
• not necessarily tagged with spatial or temporal context
• can be personal or general info

Question 8

sensory cortex

Answer 8

semantic knowledge are stored, processing of that kind of information

Question 9

association cortex

Answer 9

→ linking words with the image of that word

→ semantic information with linguistic information

Question 10

hippocampus role - semantic

Answer 10

→ depend primarily on cortical areas in the medial temporal lobes

• see this after the damage with patient E.P. and H.M.

→ heavy debate with all of this as the question ponders about whether semantic are always episodic first

Question 11

hippocampus role - episodic

Answer 11

heavily implied in its role here seen through the damage of both patients and the rat arm experiment and even the birds

Question 12

retrograde amnesia

Answer 12

loss of memories for events dating from before a brain injuiry or disruption; memory loss generally occurs in a time-graded manner so that more recent memories are devastated but older ones may be spared

Question 13

anterograde amnesia

Answer 13

a severe loss of the ability to form new episodic and semantic memories

Question 14

role of diecephalon in memory and amnesia
→ patient N.A

Answer 14

→ marked amnesic, mainly for verbal material, can give little info about events

→ shows normal short-term memory but is deficit in in forming declarative

• is fine with nondeclarative and long-term memories

→ relay station for sensory information

→ important for memory retrival

Question 15

patients with karsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 15

→ damage to diencephalic strictires

→ fail to recall many items or events of the pasts, struggle with orientation and may confabulate

Question 16

forgetting in healthy and alzheimers
normal aging

Answer 16

→ forgetting which day it is and remembering later

→ sometimes forgetting which word to use

→ losing things from time to time

Question 17

forgetting in healthy and alzheimers
alzheimers regular

Answer 17

→ losing track of the date or time of year

→ trouble having convos

→ misplacing things often and being unable to find them

Question 18

multiple trace theory

Answer 18

the theory that episodic memories are encoded by an ensemble of hippocampal and cortical neurons and that both hippocampus and cortex are normally involved in storing and retrieving even very old memories

• over time become semantic

Question 19

standard consolidation theory

Answer 19

the theory that the hippocampus and related medial temporal lobe structures are required for storage and retrieval of recent episodic memories but not older ones

an episodic memory consists of many components that are stored in different areas of the cortex → intially all these componets are linked together via the hippocampus into a unfied episodic memory

• over time the components can form direct connections through the process of consolidation and therefore no longer need hippocampal mediation

Question 20

what do those theories imply for consolidation and retrograde amnesia

standard consolidation theory

Answer 20

→ implies that hippocampus is necassary for cosolidation and every single reconsolidation

predicts flat retrograde amnesia

Question 21

what do those theories imply for consolidation and retrograde amnesia
mutliple trace theory

Answer 21

implies that hippocampus is necassary for cosolidation and every single reconsolidation

predicts flat retrograde amnesia

with mulitple trace theory the individuals with damage lose all their episodic memories

Question 22

standard consolidation theory predicts that hippocampal activity during memory retrieval does what?

Answer 22

should be greatest for recently acquired episodic memories (which are still
dependent on the hippocampus) and lowest for very old memories (which should be fully consolidated and independent of the hippocampus)

Question 23

multiple trace theory predicts what?

Answer 23

the opposite: the medial temporal lobes should be equally active during recall of autobiographical memory, whether the event occurred recently or long ago, because they are always involved in episodic memory retrieval

Question 24

levels-of-processing effect

Answer 24

the finding that deeper processing (such as thinking about the semantic meaning of a word) leads to better recall of the information than shallow processing (such as thinking about the spelling or pronounciation of the word)

Question 25

transfer-appropriate processing effect

Answer 25

finding that memory retrieval is best when the cues available at testing are similar to those available at encoding

Question 26

interference

Answer 26

reduction in the strength of a memory due to overlap with the content of other memories

• proactive interference; disruption of new learning by previously stored information
• retroactive interference; disruption of previously stored information by new learning

Question 27

source monitoring error

Answer 27

remembering information but being mistaken about the specific episode that is the source of that memory

Question 28

consolidation

Answer 28

a length of time during which new episodic and semantic memories are vulnerable and easily lost or altered; each time a memory is recalled it may become vunerable again until it is reconsolidated

Question 29

reconsolidation

Answer 29

the process whereby each time an old memory is recalled or reactivated, it may become vunerable to modification

Question 30

electroconvulsive shock

Answer 30

a brief pulse of electicity that is passed through the brain can severly disrupt newly formed memories

Question 31

link between retrieval and reconsolidation

the dynamic nature of memory

Answer 31

memories are adapted based on current experiences

Question 32

how has reconsolidation changed the view of memory?

Answer 32

it is easy for us to disrupt a memory when retrieve it and then integrate new information into it that might not be correct