task 1 - working memory

Question 1

working memory

Answer 1

the active maintenance and manipulation of short-term memory

Question 2

sensory memory

Answer 2

brief, transient sensations of what has just been perceived when someone sees, hears, or tastes something

Question 3

long-term memory

Answer 3

permanent or near-permanent storage of memory that lasts beyond a period of conscious attention
- access is slower
- not currently in consciousness
- capacity is unlimited
- forgotten more slowly

Question 4

short-term memory

Answer 4

a temporary memory that is maintained through active rehearsal

• access is rapid
• active contents of consciousness
• capacity is limited
• forgotten quickly

Question 5

cognitive control

Answer 5

the manipulation and application of working memory, for planning, task switching, attention, stimulus selection, and the inhibition of inappropriate reflexive behaviors

Question 6

transient memories

Answer 6

nonpermanent memory that lasts for seconds or minutes

Question 7

The Atkinson Shiffrin model of memory

Answer 7

short-term memory is tha part of the memory system used as a temporary storage area and as the site of working memory operations

Question 8

similarities between models

Answer 8

• temporal storage
• use of manipulation
• active processing

Question 9

differences between models

Answer 9

• complexity
• differentiation in manipulation
• presentation of memory’s purpose

Question 10

critics of STM

Answer 10

passive rehearsal, no unitary system, lack of attention to cognitive processes, and sequentional view

Question 11

Braddeley’s working memory model

Answer 11

contains 2 material-specific temporary stores for short-term maintenance of information

• visuospatial sketchpad → object and location information for manipulation
• phonological loop → verbal material, auditory memory maintained by internal speech rehersal
• central exectutive → monitors and manipulates the two working memory buffers
  
  • traffic conductor

Question 12

selective interference paradigm

Answer 12

if 2 tasks pare using the same processing mechanism they should interfere with each other if preformed at the same time

• supports braddley’s model

Question 13

state-based models of STM

Answer 13

they view working memory as chunks of LTM that are the current focus of attention (and therefore have changed their state, not their location in the brain)

Question 14

the speling task

Answer 14

a quick glance at the letters and try to remember as many as possible, remembering only 4-5 of these is the limit of your visual sensory memory

• the right VLPFC

Question 15

The dual-task experiment

Answer 15

using info. from visuospatial & phonological loop

• DLPFC

Question 16

delayed nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) task

Answer 16

a test of visual memory in which a subject must indicate which of two novel objects is not the same as one that was recently seen

• right posterior cortical visual areas

Question 17

self-ordered memory task

Answer 17

a task that requires the use of short-term memory to be used in order to successfully finish the task

• can be used for primates as well to compare the neural substrates of working memory
• DLPFC

Question 18

self-ordered memory task for monkeys

Answer 18

3 distinct containers and selects an award from one and then the containers are shuffled and the monkey must remember which ones the treat has yet to be grabbed

Question 19

tower of hanoi

Answer 19

manipulation of working memory because of 3 goals

• DLPFC

Question 20

wisconsin cord sorting test

Answer 20

taps in on working memory and executive control because it requires not only learning a rule and keeping it in mind while they sort but also learning to changes the rule and keep track of that while not confusing it with the old one

• DLPFC

Question 21

stroop test

Answer 21

testing a persons control processes can direct attention to stimuli and inhibit inappropriate aurtomatic responses is the stroop task

• dorsolateral PFC

Question 22

findings for alexander and fuster

Answer 22

→ prefrontal-cortex neurons fired only during a delay period and only when the animals were required to maintain information about a spatial location of a particular object
- Implications for Cognitive Function
- Prefrontal Cortex Involvement
- Neural Correlates of Short-Term Memory

Question 23

spatial delayed-response eye-gaze task findings

Answer 23

1. neurons that increase firing rate only during presentation of the cue
2. neurons that increase firing rate only during the delay between cue presentation and response
3. neurons that increase firing rate only during the response

Question 24

where are delay neurons found?

Answer 24

primary and secondary sensory and motor regions which are reciprocally connected to the PFC → also involved in working memory

Question 25

why is the DLPFC important for executive control?

Answer 25

DLPFC might be important for executive control because of top-down signals from DLPFC have a diverse range of roles in controlling behavior, depending on which brain region is the recipient of the signal