Task 2

Question 1

According to Newell et al, an outcome is creative if:

Answer 1

1. It has novelty and usefulness
2. It demands that we reject ideas we had previously accepted
3. It results from intense motivation and persistence
4. It comes from clarifying a problem that was originally vague

Question 2

What approach do Computational Creativity Researchers follow?

Answer 2

They don’t define creativity beforehand and just work on practical applications, which might improve our understanding or creativity post-hoc. When defining creativity, they embrace the imperfect definitions including metaphors etc

Question 3

What is pastiche?

Answer 3

The notion that when a computational system appears to be creative, this might just be the programmer’s creativity reflected in the code.

Question 4

Explain the difference between exploratory and transformational creativity.

Answer 4

While exploratory creativity explores the problem space looking for new things, transformational creativity warps the problem space to find new ways to the goal state.

Question 5

What theory arose from the logic that one has to suppress common solutions to be creative?

Answer 5

Dual Model of Creativity: Original ideas are produced by an interaction of a system that generates ideas and a control system that evaluates them. The frontal lobe areas seem to be involved in the generation of new ideas, whereas the connections between frontal and parietal areas may act as inhibitors of common associative networks.

Question 6

Describe the relationship of content and form of creative things

Answer 6

The more creative, the more the content’s worth exceeds the form

Question 7

next to exploratory and transformational, what a third kind creativity?

Answer 7

Combinatorial

Question 8

Differentiate between p-creativity and h-creativity

Answer 8

p: Psychological Novelty - New to the creator
h: Historical Novelty - New to everyone

Question 9

The notion that AI hasn’t failed only when it hasn’t reached heights of human performance is called…?

Answer 9

Superhuman fallacy

Question 10

Why is combinatorial creativity often difficult for AI?

Answer 10

AI sees the large amount of possible connections but cannot find out on itself, which ones are more worthy

Question 11

What is an argument, according to which exploratory algorithms aren’t truly creative?

Answer 11

They have to be fed input data, production rules and a problem question

Question 12

What kind of algorithm is the basis for machine learning?

Answer 12

Genetic Algorithms

Question 13

What does it mean to have creative autonomy?

Answer 13

It means being able to independently apply and change one’s standards.

Question 14

What a rebuttal for the argument that AI is only truly creative if it can create novel ideas while being shut off from any external influences?

Answer 14

Creativity is a social construct and autonomy does not equal isolation.

Question 15

Under which criteria does an artificial system possess creative autonomy?

Answer 15

1) Autonomous Evaluation - The system can evaluate its liking of a creation without being guided
2) Autonomous Change - The system executes changes without being told when or how to do so
3) Non-Randomness - The system’s actions aren’t purely based on chance

Question 16

Explain ways in which AI systems can make use of an audience of other AI’s as critics

Answer 16

• Human relations are often determined by physical proximity – an AI could be coded to prefer other critic systems, who are in close proximity in some aspect
• Humans favor similar others - an AI could be coded to prefer other systems that are similarly coded
• Facing an ambiguous messages, humans base their reactions on cues from the majority – an AI could do the same
• AI could be implemented with a sense of self-confidence: Especially if the quality of the product is unsure, the AI is strongly reinforced by the reactions of critics
• Cognitive Dissonance: To keep the confidence in a creation from dropping too much at once due to some external influence, the system could add information to some critic involved in the change

Question 17

During self-generated thought, which brain processes are active?

Answer 17

Default Mode Network