Task 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Working memory

A
  • keep info active for short amount of time
  • prefrontal cortex
  • > after longer time -> activity in hippocampus
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2
Q

Encoding - 3 types

A

1) structural encoding: translating visual info into physical structure
2) phonemic encoding: translating visual info into sound
3) semantic encoding: translating visual info into meaning

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3
Q

Atkinson-Schiffrin Model

A
  • sensory input goes to sensory memory
  • through paying attention and repeated rehearsal information is kept in short term memory
  • prolonged maintenance leads to automatic transfer to LTM
  • info can be retrieved from LTM to STM
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4
Q

Controlled updating: N-back task

A
  • delayed response task used to measure working memory activity and capacity
  • N refers to the number of items that have to be held in WM
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5
Q

Stroop task

A
  • used to study the mechanisms of stimulus selection/response inhibition
  • color telling, ignoring text
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6
Q

Tower of Hanoi

A
  • planning
  • game requires several mental control mechanisms:
  • what subgoals have been accomplished
  • what subgoals remain
  • what is the next subgoal
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7
Q

Wisconsin card sort test

A
  • switching

- rules of game change in the process

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8
Q

Left hemisphere and working memory

A

-verbal WM

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9
Q

Right hemisphere

A

-visuo-spatial working memory

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10
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A
  • associated with higher executive control functions

- damage: dysexecutive syndrome -> disrupts ability to plan and integrate new information

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11
Q

Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLTPF)

A

-associated with encoding and retrieval
-> left VLPFC: phonological loop:
Anterior-> semantic
Posterior -> phonological

-> right VLPFC: visuospatial-spatial sketchpad

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12
Q

Consolidation period

A

-time where memories are still vulnerable to being forgotten or altered

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13
Q

Organization effect

A
  • a story is read and a picture is shown either before reading, after or not at all
  • > only participants seeing the picture BEFORE scored better in recalling
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14
Q

transfer appropriate processing

A

-things are more easily remembered when cues from the moment of learning are present

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15
Q

Transient memories

A
  • sensory memories

- short-term memories

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16
Q

Sensory memories

A
  • eg visual sensory memory: short representation of what just has been seen
  • iconic memory: rapidly decaying visual sensory memory
  • probably present for all senses
17
Q

Short term memories

A
  • maintained by active rehearsal and easily displaced by new information (distraction)
  • limited in capacity and duration
18
Q

Phonological similarity effect

A

-a series of letters is more easily recalled if they are different

19
Q

Word-length effect

A

-the longer the words, the lesser words you can remember

20
Q

Evidence for Baddeley Hitch Model

A

Articulacy suppression ?

-

21
Q

Problem Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A
  • rehearsal does not ensure LT storage , rather Depth of Processing
  • patients with damage to partial lobe were able to store information in LTM without having STM
22
Q

Goldman -Rakic research monkeys

A

Various neuronal activity in DLPFC when:

  • cue is presented
  • during delay phase
  • when ganze is shifted

-> ‘Delay-Neurons’ tuned to sensory and movement response

23
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • tasks requiring activity of central executive are impaired
  • phonological and visuospatial memory tasks are not impaired
  • patients performing poorly in N-back task usually have a very high number of D1 dopamine receptors
24
Q

ADHD

A
  • generally tasks that require working memory are impaired
  • neuroimaging indicated reduction in regions associated with working memory (right PFC)
  • similar to schizophrenia dopamine irregularities seem to be at work
25
Prefrontal cortex during WM | -monkey experiment
- cells are highly activated during delay period (monkey experiment) - > can be active up to 1 minute - involved in maintaining cue related info about visual field location - activity represents combination of visual memory and motor planning
26
Executive functions - W.M. - miller experiment - showing monkey pictures (butterfly)
- protecting memory from interference - miller study - showing visual pictures to monkey - cells are preferentially active to particular picture (butterfly) - if information is removed ( no picture at all is represented) - > cell that likes butterfly tries to keep info active - > miller propose that PFC has ability to sustain activity despite distractions -> activity in visual areas was very easily disrupted by distracting info (when pictures of butterfly etc were not shown)
27
Long term memory =
- lasts out working memory | - in many cases, LTM is associative/context dependent
28
Short term plasticity
- strong pre-synaptic stimulation leads to functional (post) synaptic changes - post synaptic response gets potentiated to pre synaptic output - lasts for minutes to few hours
29
Cooperatively
- multiple temporally coinciding small inputs can lead to depolarization & LTP - > forms an memory , hippocampus forms an Engram
30
A popular working memory paradigm
- delayed saccade task - monkey fixates a cross in the middle - somewhere on the screen a square is presented - then square disappears - monkey is supposed to look at the place where the square was -> so the remembered location - some neurons respond only to sensory onset of cue - some respond after eye movement is made - other neurons respond to delay! - > but not sure if this is actually working memory , visual representation - > Delay response is spatially specific but is it perhaps related to motor preparation? - > anti saccade task: monkey is supposed to look in other direction of where cue was presented 2 results: - > results show that it’s not spatial WM - > show it IS spatial WM - Could the Delay activity maintain object information rather than just spatial information? - object related delay activity