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Learning And Memory > Task 1 > Flashcards

Task 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Working memory

A
  • keep info active for short amount of time
  • prefrontal cortex
  • > after longer time -> activity in hippocampus
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2
Q

Encoding - 3 types

A

1) structural encoding: translating visual info into physical structure
2) phonemic encoding: translating visual info into sound
3) semantic encoding: translating visual info into meaning

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3
Q

Atkinson-Schiffrin Model

A
  • sensory input goes to sensory memory
  • through paying attention and repeated rehearsal information is kept in short term memory
  • prolonged maintenance leads to automatic transfer to LTM
  • info can be retrieved from LTM to STM
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4
Q

Controlled updating: N-back task

A
  • delayed response task used to measure working memory activity and capacity
  • N refers to the number of items that have to be held in WM
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5
Q

Stroop task

A
  • used to study the mechanisms of stimulus selection/response inhibition
  • color telling, ignoring text
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6
Q

Tower of Hanoi

A
  • planning
  • game requires several mental control mechanisms:
  • what subgoals have been accomplished
  • what subgoals remain
  • what is the next subgoal
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7
Q

Wisconsin card sort test

A
  • switching

- rules of game change in the process

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8
Q

Left hemisphere and working memory

A

-verbal WM

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9
Q

Right hemisphere

A

-visuo-spatial working memory

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10
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A
  • associated with higher executive control functions

- damage: dysexecutive syndrome -> disrupts ability to plan and integrate new information

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11
Q

Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLTPF)

A

-associated with encoding and retrieval
-> left VLPFC: phonological loop:
Anterior-> semantic
Posterior -> phonological

-> right VLPFC: visuospatial-spatial sketchpad

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12
Q

Consolidation period

A

-time where memories are still vulnerable to being forgotten or altered

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13
Q

Organization effect

A
  • a story is read and a picture is shown either before reading, after or not at all
  • > only participants seeing the picture BEFORE scored better in recalling
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14
Q

transfer appropriate processing

A

-things are more easily remembered when cues from the moment of learning are present

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15
Q

Transient memories

A
  • sensory memories

- short-term memories

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16
Q

Sensory memories

A
  • eg visual sensory memory: short representation of what just has been seen
  • iconic memory: rapidly decaying visual sensory memory
  • probably present for all senses
17
Q

Short term memories

A
  • maintained by active rehearsal and easily displaced by new information (distraction)
  • limited in capacity and duration
18
Q

Phonological similarity effect

A

-a series of letters is more easily recalled if they are different

19
Q

Word-length effect

A

-the longer the words, the lesser words you can remember

20
Q

Evidence for Baddeley Hitch Model

A

Articulacy suppression ?

-

21
Q

Problem Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A
  • rehearsal does not ensure LT storage , rather Depth of Processing
  • patients with damage to partial lobe were able to store information in LTM without having STM
22
Q

Goldman -Rakic research monkeys

A

Various neuronal activity in DLPFC when:

  • cue is presented
  • during delay phase
  • when ganze is shifted

-> ‘Delay-Neurons’ tuned to sensory and movement response

23
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • tasks requiring activity of central executive are impaired
  • phonological and visuospatial memory tasks are not impaired
  • patients performing poorly in N-back task usually have a very high number of D1 dopamine receptors
24
Q

ADHD

A
  • generally tasks that require working memory are impaired
  • neuroimaging indicated reduction in regions associated with working memory (right PFC)
  • similar to schizophrenia dopamine irregularities seem to be at work
25
Q

Prefrontal cortex during WM

-monkey experiment

A
  • cells are highly activated during delay period (monkey experiment)
  • > can be active up to 1 minute
    • involved in maintaining cue related info about visual field location
  • activity represents combination of visual memory and motor planning
26
Q

Executive functions - W.M.

  • miller experiment
  • showing monkey pictures (butterfly)
A
  • protecting memory from interference
  • miller study
  • showing visual pictures to monkey
  • cells are preferentially active to particular picture (butterfly)
  • if information is removed ( no picture at all is represented)
  • > cell that likes butterfly tries to keep info active
  • > miller propose that PFC has ability to sustain activity despite distractions

-> activity in visual areas was very easily disrupted by distracting info (when pictures of butterfly etc were not shown)

27
Q

Long term memory =

A
  • lasts out working memory

- in many cases, LTM is associative/context dependent

28
Q

Short term plasticity

A
  • strong pre-synaptic stimulation leads to functional (post) synaptic changes
  • post synaptic response gets potentiated to pre synaptic output
  • lasts for minutes to few hours
29
Q

Cooperatively

A
  • multiple temporally coinciding small inputs can lead to depolarization & LTP
  • > forms an memory , hippocampus forms an Engram
30
Q

A popular working memory paradigm

A
  • delayed saccade task
  • monkey fixates a cross in the middle
  • somewhere on the screen a square is presented
  • then square disappears
  • monkey is supposed to look at the place where the square was -> so the remembered location
  • some neurons respond only to sensory onset of cue
  • some respond after eye movement is made
  • other neurons respond to delay!
  • > but not sure if this is actually working memory , visual representation
  • > Delay response is spatially specific but is it perhaps related to motor preparation?
  • > anti saccade task: monkey is supposed to look in other direction of where cue was presented

2 results:

  • > results show that it’s not spatial WM
  • > show it IS spatial WM
  • Could the Delay activity maintain object information rather than just spatial information?
  • object related delay activity

Learning And Memory (7 decks)

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