tasheel un nahw Flashcards
what is nahw
a science which teaches
- to join a noun, verb, and particle to form a correct sentence
- the iraab (condition) of the last letter of a word should be
what is the subject matter
kalimah (word)
kalam (sentence)
what is the objective
immediate: to read, write, and speak arabic correctly
mid term: to understand qur’an, hadeeth, fiqh, and other sciences
ultimate: to gain pleasure of Allah swt
what is kalimah
a word
what is lafz
any word uttered by humans
what are the two types of lafz
- meaningful (mow doa)
- meaningless (muhmil)
what are the two types of meaningful words
- singular (mufrad)
- compound (murakab)
what is a mufrad
a singular meaningful word
conveys one meaning
also called kalimah
what are the 3 types of kalimah
- noun (ism)
- verb (fi’l)
- particle (harf)
what is an ism
a kalimah whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with another word
it does not have any tense
it is the name of a place, person or thing
it can never have a tanween or an ال at the same time
what is a fi’l
a kalimah whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with another word
it has one of the three tenses - past, present, or future
it denotes an action
it can never have a tanween or an ال
what is a harf
particle
a kalimah whose meaning cannot be understood without joining an ism or a fi’l or both to it
what are the types of ism
- jaamid (primary): neither derived from another word nor is any word derived from it
eg horse, girl - masdar (root): from which many words are derived
eg to hit, to help - mushtaq (derived): derived from a masdar
eg hitter, the helped
what are the types of fi’l
- maadi (past tense)
eg he hit - mudari (present and future tense)
eg he is hitting or will hit - amr (positive command)
eg hit! - nahi (negative command)
eg don’t hit!
what are the types of particles
- amil (causative): causes iraab change in the word after it
- ghayr amil (non causative): does not cause iraab change in the word after it
what is a murakab
a group of meaningful words (compound)
may form a complete or incomplete sentence
what are the types of murakab
- complete (murakab mowfeedun)
- incomplete (murakab ghair mowfeedun)
what is murakab mowfeedun
a complete sentence
also called murakab taam
referred to as kalam
what is a murakab ghair mowfeedun
an incomplete sentence
also called a murakab nakis
referred to as phrase
what is a jumla
complete sentence
what is a murakab
incomplete sentence or phrase
what are the two types of sentences
- jumla khabariyya
- jumla inshaiyya
what is jumla khabariyya
sentence that has the possibility of being true or false
what is jumla khabariyya
sentence that does not have the possibility of being true or false
there are two types:
1. nominal sentence (jumla ismaiyya khabariyya)
2. verbal sentence (jumla fi’liyya khabariyya)
what is jumla ismaiyya khabariyya
nominal sentence: a sentence which begins with a noun
first part: mubtada (subject) or musnad ilayhi (the word about which info is being given),
second part: khabar (predicate) or musnad (the word giving the info)
mubtada is mar’rifa; khabar is nakira
both parts are marfoo (end in dammah/dammahtain)
what is jumla fi’liyya khabariyya
verbal sentence: a sentence which begins with a verb
first part: fil or musnad
second part: fa’il or musnad ilayhi
second part is always marfoo
what is jumla insha’iyya
there are ten types:
1. al amr (positive command)
2. an nahi (negative command)
3. al istifham (interrogative)
4. at tamani (desire)
5. at tarji (hope)
6. an nida (exclamation)
7. al ard (request, offer)
8. al qasm (oath)
9. at ta’ajub (amazement)
10. al uqud (transaction)
fi’l muta’adi
a verb whose meaning cannot be fully understood without a mafool
what are the types of phrases
- descriptive phrase (murakab towseefi)
- possessive phrase (murakab idafi)
- demonstrative phrase (murakab ishari)
- numerical phrase (murakab bina’i)
- indeclinable phrase (murakab manu sarf)
what are the signs of a noun
- it is preceded by al
- it accepts jarr
- there is tanween on last letter
- it ends with ة
- it is a dual
- it is a plural
- it is a musnad ilayhi (mubtada or fail)
fi’l lazim
a verb whose meaning can be understood without a mafool
eg جَلَسَ زَد
murakab towseefi
descriptive phrase
- it is a phrase in which one word describes the other
- sifat: describing word
- mowseef: object being described
- mowseef and sifaat correspond in four things: i’raab, gender, number, being ma’rifa/nakirah
murakab idafi
possessive phrase
- a phrase in which the first word (mudaaf) is attributed to the second word (mudaaf ilayhi)
- mudaaf (possessed)
- mudaaf ilayhi (possessor)
- mudaaf never accepts alif laam, tanween, or the nun of dual or plural
- mudaaf ilayhi is always majroor (ends in kasrah/kasrahtain)
- i’raab of mudaaf will be according to the amil governing it
can more than one mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi be found in one single phrase
yes
can mudaaf have a sifat
yes
sifat should come immediately after mudaaf ilayhi
with an alif laam
and have the same i’raab as that of the mudaaf
can mudaaf ilayhi have a sifat
yes
sifat should come immediately after mudaaf ilayhi
it should correspond to mudaaf ilayhi in the four aspects (i’raab, number, gender, being ma’rifa/nakira)
murakab ishari
demonstrative phrase
- it is a phrase in which one noun (ismul ishara) points towards another (musharan ilayhi)
- musharan ilayhi must have an alif laam
- if it does not have an alif laam then it would be a complete sentence
eg
ٰهذَا الرَجُلُ (this man)
ٰهذَا رَجُلُ (this is a man) > jumla ismiyyah
murakab binai
numerical phrase
- it is a phrase in which two numerals are joined to form a single word (number)
- this phrase is found only in numbers 11-19
- a harf orginally linked the two
- both parts of the phrase will always be maftooh (end in kasra)
- exception: 12, as for 12 the second part is always maftooh but the first part changes
- thus in rafah state it will be ithna ashara (alif at the end of first part)
- however in nasb and jarr state it will be ithnay ashara (yaa at the end of first part)
murakab manu sarf
indeclinable phrase
- a phrase in which two words are joined to form a single word
- the first part is always maftooh (ends in fatha)
- the second part changes according to amil
eg حَضَرَمَوْتُ a name of place in yemen
