Table of Excipients Flashcards by LEA ROS MANALASTAS

Used in liquid preparations to provide acidic
medium for product stability

Acidifying agent

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Acidifying agent

Citric acid
Acetic acid
Fumaric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid

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Used in liquid preparations to provide alkaline
medium for product stability.

Alkalinizing agent

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Alkalinizing agent

Ammonia solution
Ammonium carbonate
Diethanolamine
Monoethanolamine
Potassium hydroxide
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium borate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium hydroxide
Trolamine

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An agent capable of holding other molecules
onto its surface by physical or chemical
(chemisorption) means.

Adsorbent

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Adsorbent

Powdered cellulose
Activated charcoal

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Agent responsible for developing the pressure
within an aerosol container and expelling the
product when the valve is opened.

Aerosol propellant

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Aerosol propellant

Carbon dioxide
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
Trichloromonofluoromethane

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Agent employed to displace air in a hermetically
sealed container to enhance product stability.

Air displacement

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Air displacement

Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide

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Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to
prevent growth of fungi. Effectiveness of
parabens is usually enhanced by use in
combination.

Antifungal preservative

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Antifungal preservative

Butylparaben
Ethylparaben
Methylparaben
Benzoic acid
Propylparaben
Sodium benzoate
Sodium propionate

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Used in liquid and semisolid preparations to
prevent growth of microorganisms.

Antimicrobial preservative

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Antimicrobial preservative

Benzalkonium chloride
Benzethonium chloride
Benzyl alcohol
Cetylpyridinium chloride
Chlorobutanol
Phenol
Phenylethyl alcohol
Phenylmercuric nitrate
Thimerosal

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Used to prevent deterioration of preparations
by oxidation.

Antioxidant

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Antioxidant

Ascorbic acid
Ascorbyl palmitate
Butylated hydroxyanisole
Butylated hydroxytoluene
Hypophosphorous acid
Monothioglycerol
Propyl gallate
Sodium ascorbate
Sodium bisulfite
Sodium formaldehyde
Sulfoxylate
Sodium metabisulfite

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Used to resist change in pH upon dilution or
addition of acid or alkali.

Buffering agent

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Buffering agent

Potassium metaphosphate
Potassium phosphate, monobasic
Sodium acetate
Sodium citrate, anhydrous and dihydrate

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Substance that forms stable water-soluble
complexes (chelates) with metals; used in
some liquid pharmaceuticals as stabilizers to
complex heavy metals that might promote
instability, In such use they are also called
sequestering agents.

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Chelating agent

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Chelating agent

Edetic acid
Edetate disodium

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Used to impart color to liquid and solid (e.g.,
tablets and capsules) preparations,

Colorant

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Colorant

FD&C Red No. 3
FD&C Red No. 20
FD&C Yellow No. 6
FD&C Blue No. 2
D&C Green No. 5
D&C Orange No. 5
D&C Red No. 8
Caramel
Ferric oxide, red

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Used as a filtering aid for its adsorbent qualities.

Clarifying agent

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Clarifying agent

Bentonite

Used to promote and maintain dispersion of finely subdivided particles of liquid in a vehicle in which it is immiscible. End product may be a liquid emulsion or semisolid emulsion (e.g. a cream).

Emulsifying agent

Acacia Cetomacrogol Cetyl alcohol Glyceryl monostearate Sorbitan monooleate Polyoxyethylene50 stearate

Used to form thin shells to enclose a drug for ease of administration.

Encapsulating agent

Gelatin Cellulose acetate phthalate

Used to impart a pleasant flavor and often odor to a preparation. In addition to the natural flavorants listed, many synthetic ones are used.

Flavorant

Anise oil Cinnamon oil Cocoa Menthol Orange oil Peppermint oil Vanillin

Used to prevent drying of preparations, particularly ointments and creams.

Humectant

Glycerin Propylene glycl Sorbitol

Liquid used as an intervening agent to reduce the particle size of a powder by grinding, usually in a mórtar.

Levigating agent

Mineral oil Glycerin Propylene glycol

Semisolid vehicle for medicated ointments.

Ointment base

Lanolin Hydrophilic ointment Polyethylene glycol ointment Petrolatum Hydrophilic petrolatum White ointment Yellow ointment Rose water ointment

Component of film-coating solutions to make film more pliable, enhance spread of coat over tablets, beads, and granules.

Plasticizer

Diethyl phthalate Glycerin

Used to dissolve another substance in preparation of a solution; may be aqueous or not (e.g., oleaginous). Cosolvents, such as water and alcohol (hydroalcoholic) and water and glycerin, may be used when needed. Sterile solvents are used in certain preparations (e.g., injection)

Solvent

Alcohol Corn oil Cottonseed oil Glycerin Isopropyl alcohol Mineral oil Oleic acid Peanut oil Purified water Water for injection Sterile water for injection Sterile water for irrigation

Used to increase thickness or hardness of a preparation, usually an ointment

Stiffening agent

Cetyl alcohol Cetyl esters wax Microcrystalline wax Paraffin Stearyl alcohol White wax Yellow wax

Vehicle for suppositories

Suppository base

Vehicle for suppositories.

Cocoa butter Polyethylene glycols (mixtures)

Substances that absorb to surfaces or interfaces to reduce surface or interfacial tension. May be used as wetting agents, detergents, or emulsifying agents.

Surfactant (surface active agent)

Benzalkonium chloride Nonoxynol 10 Octoxynol 9 Polysorbate80 Sodium lauryl sulfate Sorbitan monopalmitate

Viscosity-increasing agent used to reduce sedimentation rate of particles in a vehicle in which they are not soluble; suspension may be formulated for oral, parenteral, ophthalmicy topical, or other route.

Suspending agent

Agar Bentonite Carbomer (e.g., Carbopal) Carboxymethylcellulose sodium Hydroxyethyl cellulose Hydroxypropyl cellulose Hydroxypropylmethyicellulose Kaolin Methylcellulose Tragacanth Veegum

Used to impart sweetness to a preparation.

Sweetening agent

Aspartame Dextrose Glycerin Mannitol Saccharin sodium Sorbitol Sucrose

Prevent tablet ingredients from sticking to punches and dies during production.

Tablet antiadherents

Magnesium stearate Talc

Substances used to cause adhesion of powder particles in tablet granulations

Tablet binders

Acacia Alginic acid Carboxymethylcellulose sodium Compressible sugar (e.g., Nu-Tab) Ethylcellulose Gelatin Liquid glucose Methylcellulose Povidone Pregelatinized starch

Inert filler to create desired bulk, flow properties, and compression characteristics of tablets and capsules.

Tablet and capsule diluent

Dibasic calcium phosphate Kaolin. Lactose Mannitol Microcrystalline cellulose Powdered cellulose Precipitated calcium carbonate Sorbitol Starch

Used to coat a tablet to protect against decomposition by atmospheric oxygen or humidity/ to provide a desired release pattern, to mask taste or odor, or for aesthetic purposes. Coating may be sugar, film, or enteric. Sugar coating is water-based; forms a thick covering around a tablet. Sugar-coated tablets generally start to break up in the stomach. Film forms a thin cover around a formed tablet or bead. Unless it is enteric, film dissolves in the stomach. Enteric coating passes through the stomach to break up in the intestines. Some water-insoluble coatings (e.g., ethylcellulose) are used to slow the release of drug in the gastrointestinal tract.

Tablet coating agent

Sugar coating

Liquid glucose Sucrose

Film coating

Hydroxyethyl cellulose Hydroxypropyl cellulose Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Methylcellulose (e.g., Methocel) Ethylcellulose (e.g., Ethocel)

Enteric coating

Cellulose acetate phthalatr Shellac (35% in alcohol, pharmaceutical glaze)

Used in direct compression tablet formulations.

Tablet direct compression excipient

Dibasic calcium phosphate (e.g., Ditab)

Used in solid forms to promote disruption of the mass into smaller particles more readily dispersed or dissolved.

Tablet disintegrant

Alginic acid Carboxymethylcellulose calcium Microcrystalline cellulose (e.g., Avicel) Polacrilin potassium (e.g., Amberlite) Sodium alginate Sodium starch glycolate Starch

Used in tablet and capsule formulations to improve flow properties of the powder mixture.

Tablet glidant

Colloidal silica Cornstarch Tale

Used in tablet formulations to reduce friction during tablet compression.

Tablet lubricant

Calcium stearate Magnesium stearate Mineral oil Stearic acid Zinc stearate

Used to render a coating opaque. May be used alone or with a colorant.

Tablet or capsule opaquant

Titanium dioxide

Used to impart an attractive sheen to coated tablets.

Tablet polishing agent

Carnauba wax White wax

Used to render solution similar in osmotic dextrose characteristics to physiologic fluids, e.g., in ophthalmic, parenteral, and irrigation fluids.

Tonicity agent

Carrying agent used in formulating a variety of liquids for oral and parenteral administration. Generally, oral liquids are aqueous (e.g., syrups) or hydroalcoholic (e.g., elixirs). Solutions for intravenous use are aqueous, whereas intramuscular injections may be aqueous or oleaginous

Vehicle

Flavored, sweetened

Acacia syrup Aromatic syrup Aromatic elixir Cherry syrup Cocoa syrup Orange syrup Syrup

Oleaginous

Corn oil Mineral oil Peanut oil Sesame oil

Sterile

Bacteriostatic sodium chloride injection Bacteriostatic water for injection

Used to render preparations more resistant to flow. Used in suspensions to deter. sedimentation, in ophthalmic solutions to enhance contact time (e.g., methylcellulose), to thicken topical creams, etc.

Viscosity-increasing agent

Alginic acid Bentonite Carbomer Carboxymethy|cellulose Sodium Methylcellulose Povidone Sodium alginate Tragacanth