Simple Solutions Flashcards
a substance, usually a liquid, that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving
the component of a solution that is present in greater amount.
Solvent
the substance being dissolved in the solvent
Solute
ADVANTAGES OF SOLUTIONS
- Complete and rapid Release of active ingredients from formulation.
- Gives the highest bioavailability in general.
- Ease of use.
- Dose is uniform.
- The only type of dosage form that can be given intravenously.
DISADVANTAGES OF SOLUTIONS
- Bulky
- Specialized containers are needed for parenteral products.
- Poor chemical stability
- Difficult to mask foul tasting drugs
- Usually require preservatives
Free from bacteria, impurities, and alike
Common in hospital setting
Sterile Solution
Examples of sterile solutions
Nasal solution
Parenteral
Opthalmic
Irrigation
its contents have not been sterilized, or treated with a process during manufacturing to eliminate potential microorganisms.
Non-sterile solutions
Examples of non-sterile solutions
Aromatic Waters
Elixirs
Spirits
Tinctures
Fluid Extracts
Syrups
refers to the maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in an amount of solvent under specific temperature and pressure conditions.
SOLUBILITY
the solubility of an agent in a particular solvent indicates the maximum concentration to which a solution may be prepared with that solvent.
Solvent
A number of medicinal agents provided in a dry powder or granule form
Dry mixture of solution, reconstitution
Reminders for reconstitution
Specified amount of water -> typically purified
typically done to antimicrobials
loosen the powder before mixing
Solutions are typically _________ in nature, has ________
homogeneous, uniformity
Surrounding the solute with solvent particles
SOLVATION
DESCRIPTIVE TERMS OF SOLUBILITY
Very soluble = < 1
Freely soluble = 1 - 10
Soluble = 10 - 30
Sparingly soluble = 30 - 100
Slightly soluble = 100 - 1000
Very slightly soluble = 1000 - 10000
Practically insoluble = > 10000
concentrated solution, no solute can be dissolve
Saturated solution
diluted solution, more solute can be diluted
Unsaturated solution
I2 solubility
2950 ml, Very slightly soluble
Other solvents aside from water:
(i) Alcohol, USP
(ii) Diluted Alcohol, NF
(iii) Rubbing Alcohol
(iv) Glycerin, USP,
(v) Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol
(vi) Propylene Glycol, USP
(vii) Oil
pH of solvents
Applies to salts
MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
- Solvent
- Temperature
- pH of the solvent
- The various chemical and other physical properties of both the solute and solvent
- Pressure
- The state of subdivision of the solute -> particle size
- The physical agitation
Weak bases
alkaloids
antihistamines
local anesthetics
Weak acids
barbiturate drugs
sulfonamides
Optimal pH
7.4
The introduction of ____________ into a molecule tends to decrease water solubility because of an increase in the molecular weight of the compound without a proportionate increase in polarity.
halogen atoms
_____________ in the molecular weight of an organic compound without a change in polarity reduces solubility in
water.
Increase
Most pharmaceutical solutions are ___________.
unsaturated with solute
Solutions of this type are prepared by dissolving the solute in a suitable solvent (by stirring or heating).
The solvent may contain other ingredients which stabilize or solubilize the active ingredient.
Simple Solution
These solutions are prepared by reacting two or more solutes with each other in a suitable solvent
Solution by Chemical Reaction
Plant or animal products are prepared by suitable extraction process.
Solution by Extraction
Preparations of this type may be classified as solutions but more often, are classified as ____________
extractives
agents that resist pH change
Buffers
Important for sterile solutions
makes solutions less sensitive
Isotonicity
Used to protect the solutions against microorganisms
Preservatives
Characteristics of a good preservative
Used to protect the solutions against wide spectrum of microorganisms
Stable
Non-toxic and non-senstazing
compatible with other ingredients
free of taste and odor
Examples of acidic preservatives
Benzoic acid
Paraben -> Toxic
Natural -> alcohol
Mercurials -> thimerosal
Example of Basic preservatives
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
EDTA
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
Agents that inhibits oxidation
Antioxidants
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) are _________ and _________
sequestering agents; chelating agent
Sweetening agents
Sucrose
Polyhydric alcohols
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN MAKING SOLUTIONS
- Solution pH
- Buffers
- Isotonicity
- Viscosity
- Preservatives
- Antioxidants
- Sweetening agents
- Flavors and perfumes
A solution must retain its clarity, colour, odour, taste and viscosity over its shelf life.
STABILITY OF SOLUTIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTIONS
I. According to Route of Administration
II. Other solutions can be classified according to their composition or use
III. Classification of Solutions According to Vehicle
A. Internal Solutions
- Oral Solutions
- Parenteral Solutions
B. External Solutions
- Otic
- Ophthalmic
- Topical
- Nasal
- Vaginal
- Rectal
- Oral
- Dermal
Other solutions can be classified according to their composition or use
- Syrups
- Elixirs
- Spirits
- Aromatic Waters
- Tinctures or Fluid Extracts
- Injections
III. Classification of Solutions According to Vehicle
A. Aqueous solutions
B. Non-aqueous solutions
homogeneous mixtures that are prepared by dissolving a solid, liquid or gas in an aqueous medium
Aqueous Solutions
used both as vehicle and as a solvent for the desired flavoring or medicinal ingredients.
Water
Types of Water
Water
Purified Water
Water for Injection
Tap Water
Freshly Boiled and Cooled Water
Is hydrogen monoxide (H2O), is a clear colorless liquid, practically odorless and tasteless.
used as solvent as in the extraction of vegetable drugs and in the manufacture of few preparations used externally as precipitating agent or for the purification of certain water insoluble products.
Water
purified by distillation or ion-exchange treatment.
used in compounding sterile preparations applied externally specially for those intended for open wounds
used for official test and assay and in general for compounding the majority of
pharmaceutical preparations.
Purified Water
used as a solvent for the preparation of parenteral solutions
Water for Injection
not permitted to use for the dispensing of pharmaceutical dosage forms due to its possible bacterial contamination and the presence of dissolved salts that destroy the active ingredients or enhance their decomposition.
Tap Water
seldom used to destroy vegetative bacteria
Boiling
an aqueous solution, which is directed against a part or into a cavity of the body. It functions as a cleansing or antiseptic agent.
Douche
These preparations are rectal injections
Enemas
aqueous solutions frequently containing antiseptics, antibiotics and/or anesthetics used for treating the pharynx (throat) and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs
Gargle
are used as a dosage form for a number of specific problems in the oraI cavity.
Mouthwash
usually aqueous solutions designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or sprays.
Nasal Solutions
solutions of drugs in aqueous vehicles and are applied to the mucous membrane of the nose and throat by means of an atomizer nebulizer.
Sprays
main classes of drugs used for topical administration to the ear include local anesthetics, these preparations
include the main types of solvents used, namely glycerin or water.
Otic Solutions
Sterile, non pyrogenic solutions used to wash or bathe surgical incisions, wounds or body tissues. These products may be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in Water for Injection.
Irrigation Solutions
Calcium Hydroxide Solution synonyms
(Lime hydrate/caustic lime/limewater)
Calcium Hydroxide Solution Uses
• Astringent
• Topical Protective
• Antacid
• Calcium Supplement (oral solution)
Astringent
styptic -> Toner -> decrease pore size
Local variety of Calcium Hydroxide Solution
Nganga; buwa-buwa
Protects against extraneous solids and loss of drug under ordinary conditions of handling, shipment, storage, and distribution
Well-closed container
Protects from extraneous solids, liquids, or vapors, from loss of drug, and from efflorescence, deliquescence or evaporation, and loss of drug under ordinary conditions of handling, shipment, storage, and distribution
Tight container
Impervious to air or any other gases under ordinary conditions of handling, shipment, storage & distribution
Hermetic container
Protects the contents from photochemical deterioration
Light-resistant container
Example of Light-resistant container
Amber bottles
Strong Iodine Solution synonym
Lugol’s solution
Strong Iodine Solution Clinical correlation:
Thyroid crisis (storm), also called thyrotoxicosis
Hyperthyroidism
a condition in which the thyroid gland makes too much
thyroid hormone
Hyperthyroidism:
sudden worsening of hyperthyroidism symptoms that may occur with infection or stress. Fever, decreased mental alertness, and abdominal pain may occur.
Thyrotoxicosis: Thyroid crisis (storm)
Cold Place
a. Freezer
-25 to -10 Celsius
Cold Place
b. Refrigerator
2 to 8 Celsius
Cool
8 to 15 Celsius
Room Temperature
20 to 25 Celsius
Controlled Room Temperature
0 to 15 Celsius
Warm
30 to 40 Celsius
Excessive Heat
> 40 Celsius
PVP
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Strong Iodine Solution Uses
• Treatment of thyrotoxicosis
• Germicide, Fungicide
• Keratolytic
• Usually administered internally for the systemic effect of iodine
Other iodine-containing products:
i. Iodine tincture (Mild Tincture of Iodine/Weak Solution of Iodine)
ii. Povidone Iodine Solution
Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution prepared from vegetable drugs of from chemical substances. Contains
active principles from crude drugs.
Tinctures
Anticoagulant Sodium Citrate Solution Synonym
Liquor Sodii Citratus
Anticoagulant Sodium Citrate Solution Mechanism of action
The solution prevents the coagulation of the blood by
virtue of the citrate ion’s ability to bind to calcium ions of
the blood to form a nonionizing calcium citrate complex.
Anticoagulant Sodium Citrate Solution use
Employed for the preparation of blood for fractionation,
for banked blood transfusion and for the preparation of
citrated human plasma.
Type I Glass Container
Highly resistant borosilicate glass
Type II Glass Container
Treated Sodalime
Type III Glass Container
Sodalime
Type IV/NP Glass Container
Non-parental
Use of Types I, II, III glasses
Parental products
Use of IV glass
General containers
Tests for I, III, IV glasses
Powdered glass test
Test for II glass
Water attack test
