Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Devices > Simple Solutions > Flashcards

Simple Solutions Flashcards

1
Q

a substance, usually a liquid, that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving

the component of a solution that is present in greater amount.

A

Solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the substance being dissolved in the solvent

A

Solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ADVANTAGES OF SOLUTIONS

A
  1. Complete and rapid Release of active ingredients from formulation.
  2. Gives the highest bioavailability in general.
  3. Ease of use.
  4. Dose is uniform.
  5. The only type of dosage form that can be given intravenously.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DISADVANTAGES OF SOLUTIONS

A
  1. Bulky
  2. Specialized containers are needed for parenteral products.
  3. Poor chemical stability
  4. Difficult to mask foul tasting drugs
  5. Usually require preservatives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Free from bacteria, impurities, and alike

Common in hospital setting

A

Sterile Solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Examples of sterile solutions

A

Nasal solution
Parenteral
Opthalmic
Irrigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

its contents have not been sterilized, or treated with a process during manufacturing to eliminate potential microorganisms.

A

Non-sterile solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Examples of non-sterile solutions

A

Aromatic Waters
Elixirs
Spirits
Tinctures
Fluid Extracts
Syrups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

refers to the maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in an amount of solvent under specific temperature and pressure conditions.

A

SOLUBILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the solubility of an agent in a particular solvent indicates the maximum concentration to which a solution may be prepared with that solvent.

A

Solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A number of medicinal agents provided in a dry powder or granule form

A

Dry mixture of solution, reconstitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Reminders for reconstitution

A

Specified amount of water -> typically purified
typically done to antimicrobials
loosen the powder before mixing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Solutions are typically _________ in nature, has ________

A

homogeneous, uniformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Surrounding the solute with solvent particles

A

SOLVATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

DESCRIPTIVE TERMS OF SOLUBILITY

A

Very soluble = < 1
Freely soluble = 1 - 10
Soluble = 10 - 30
Sparingly soluble = 30 - 100
Slightly soluble = 100 - 1000
Very slightly soluble = 1000 - 10000
Practically insoluble = > 10000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

concentrated solution, no solute can be dissolve

A

Saturated solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

diluted solution, more solute can be diluted

A

Unsaturated solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

I2 solubility

A

2950 ml, Very slightly soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Other solvents aside from water:

A

(i) Alcohol, USP
(ii) Diluted Alcohol, NF
(iii) Rubbing Alcohol
(iv) Glycerin, USP,
(v) Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol
(vi) Propylene Glycol, USP
(vii) Oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pH of solvents

A

Applies to salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY

A
  1. Solvent
  2. Temperature
  3. pH of the solvent
  4. The various chemical and other physical properties of both the solute and solvent
  5. Pressure
  6. The state of subdivision of the solute -> particle size
  7. The physical agitation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Weak bases

A

alkaloids
antihistamines
local anesthetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Weak acids

A

barbiturate drugs
sulfonamides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Optimal pH

A

7.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The introduction of ____________ into a molecule tends to decrease water solubility because of an increase in the molecular weight of the compound without a proportionate increase in polarity.

A

halogen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

_____________ in the molecular weight of an organic compound without a change in polarity reduces solubility in
water.

A

Increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Most pharmaceutical solutions are ___________.

A

unsaturated with solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Solutions of this type are prepared by dissolving the solute in a suitable solvent (by stirring or heating).

The solvent may contain other ingredients which stabilize or solubilize the active ingredient.

A

Simple Solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

These solutions are prepared by reacting two or more solutes with each other in a suitable solvent

A

Solution by Chemical Reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Plant or animal products are prepared by suitable extraction process.

A

Solution by Extraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Preparations of this type may be classified as solutions but more often, are classified as ____________

A

extractives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

agents that resist pH change

A

Buffers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Important for sterile solutions

makes solutions less sensitive

A

Isotonicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Used to protect the solutions against microorganisms

A

Preservatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Characteristics of a good preservative

A

Used to protect the solutions against wide spectrum of microorganisms

Stable

Non-toxic and non-senstazing

compatible with other ingredients

free of taste and odor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Examples of acidic preservatives

A

Benzoic acid
Paraben -> Toxic
Natural -> alcohol
Mercurials -> thimerosal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Example of Basic preservatives

A

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

EDTA

A

ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Agents that inhibits oxidation

A

Antioxidants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) are _________ and _________

A

sequestering agents; chelating agent

41
Q

Sweetening agents

A

Sucrose
Polyhydric alcohols

42
Q

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN MAKING SOLUTIONS

A
  1. Solution pH
  2. Buffers
  3. Isotonicity
  4. Viscosity
  5. Preservatives
  6. Antioxidants
  7. Sweetening agents
  8. Flavors and perfumes
43
Q

A solution must retain its clarity, colour, odour, taste and viscosity over its shelf life.

A

STABILITY OF SOLUTIONS

44
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTIONS

A

I. According to Route of Administration
II. Other solutions can be classified according to their composition or use
III. Classification of Solutions According to Vehicle

45
Q

A. Internal Solutions

A
  1. Oral Solutions
  2. Parenteral Solutions
46
Q

B. External Solutions

A
  1. Otic
  2. Ophthalmic
  3. Topical
  4. Nasal
  5. Vaginal
  6. Rectal
  7. Oral
  8. Dermal
47
Q

Other solutions can be classified according to their composition or use

A
  1. Syrups
  2. Elixirs
  3. Spirits
  4. Aromatic Waters
  5. Tinctures or Fluid Extracts
  6. Injections
48
Q

III. Classification of Solutions According to Vehicle

A

A. Aqueous solutions
B. Non-aqueous solutions

49
Q

homogeneous mixtures that are prepared by dissolving a solid, liquid or gas in an aqueous medium

A

Aqueous Solutions

50
Q

used both as vehicle and as a solvent for the desired flavoring or medicinal ingredients.

A

Water

51
Q

Types of Water

A

Water
Purified Water
Water for Injection
Tap Water
Freshly Boiled and Cooled Water

52
Q

Is hydrogen monoxide (H2O), is a clear colorless liquid, practically odorless and tasteless.

used as solvent as in the extraction of vegetable drugs and in the manufacture of few preparations used externally as precipitating agent or for the purification of certain water insoluble products.

A

Water

53
Q

purified by distillation or ion-exchange treatment.

used in compounding sterile preparations applied externally specially for those intended for open wounds

used for official test and assay and in general for compounding the majority of
pharmaceutical preparations.

A

Purified Water

54
Q

used as a solvent for the preparation of parenteral solutions

A

Water for Injection

55
Q

not permitted to use for the dispensing of pharmaceutical dosage forms due to its possible bacterial contamination and the presence of dissolved salts that destroy the active ingredients or enhance their decomposition.

A

Tap Water

56
Q

seldom used to destroy vegetative bacteria

A

Boiling

57
Q

an aqueous solution, which is directed against a part or into a cavity of the body. It functions as a cleansing or antiseptic agent.

A

Douche

58
Q

These preparations are rectal injections

A

Enemas

59
Q

aqueous solutions frequently containing antiseptics, antibiotics and/or anesthetics used for treating the pharynx (throat) and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs

A

Gargle

60
Q

are used as a dosage form for a number of specific problems in the oraI cavity.

A

Mouthwash

61
Q

usually aqueous solutions designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or sprays.

A

Nasal Solutions

62
Q

solutions of drugs in aqueous vehicles and are applied to the mucous membrane of the nose and throat by means of an atomizer nebulizer.

A

Sprays

63
Q

main classes of drugs used for topical administration to the ear include local anesthetics, these preparations
include the main types of solvents used, namely glycerin or water.

A

Otic Solutions

64
Q

Sterile, non pyrogenic solutions used to wash or bathe surgical incisions, wounds or body tissues. These products may be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in Water for Injection.

A

Irrigation Solutions

65
Q

Calcium Hydroxide Solution synonyms

A

(Lime hydrate/caustic lime/limewater)

66
Q

Calcium Hydroxide Solution Uses

A

• Astringent
• Topical Protective
• Antacid
• Calcium Supplement (oral solution)

67
Q

Astringent

A

styptic -> Toner -> decrease pore size

68
Q

Local variety of Calcium Hydroxide Solution

A

Nganga; buwa-buwa

69
Q

Protects against extraneous solids and loss of drug under ordinary conditions of handling, shipment, storage, and distribution

A

Well-closed container

70
Q

Protects from extraneous solids, liquids, or vapors, from loss of drug, and from efflorescence, deliquescence or evaporation, and loss of drug under ordinary conditions of handling, shipment, storage, and distribution

A

Tight container

71
Q

Impervious to air or any other gases under ordinary conditions of handling, shipment, storage & distribution

A

Hermetic container

72
Q

Protects the contents from photochemical deterioration

A

Light-resistant container

73
Q

Example of Light-resistant container

A

Amber bottles

74
Q

Strong Iodine Solution synonym

A

Lugol’s solution

75
Q

Strong Iodine Solution Clinical correlation:

A

Thyroid crisis (storm), also called thyrotoxicosis
Hyperthyroidism

76
Q

a condition in which the thyroid gland makes too much
thyroid hormone

A

Hyperthyroidism:

77
Q

sudden worsening of hyperthyroidism symptoms that may occur with infection or stress. Fever, decreased mental alertness, and abdominal pain may occur.

A

Thyrotoxicosis: Thyroid crisis (storm)

78
Q

Cold Place
a. Freezer

A

-25 to -10 Celsius

79
Q

Cold Place
b. Refrigerator

A

2 to 8 Celsius

80
Q

Cool

A

8 to 15 Celsius

81
Q

Room Temperature

A

20 to 25 Celsius

82
Q

Controlled Room Temperature

A

0 to 15 Celsius

83
Q

Warm

A

30 to 40 Celsius

84
Q

Excessive Heat

A

> 40 Celsius

85
Q

PVP

A

Polyvinylpyrrolidone

86
Q

Strong Iodine Solution Uses

A

• Treatment of thyrotoxicosis
• Germicide, Fungicide
• Keratolytic
• Usually administered internally for the systemic effect of iodine

87
Q

Other iodine-containing products:

A

i. Iodine tincture (Mild Tincture of Iodine/Weak Solution of Iodine)
ii. Povidone Iodine Solution

88
Q

Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution prepared from vegetable drugs of from chemical substances. Contains
active principles from crude drugs.

A

Tinctures

89
Q

Anticoagulant Sodium Citrate Solution Synonym

A

Liquor Sodii Citratus

90
Q

Anticoagulant Sodium Citrate Solution Mechanism of action

A

The solution prevents the coagulation of the blood by
virtue of the citrate ion’s ability to bind to calcium ions of
the blood to form a nonionizing calcium citrate complex.

91
Q

Anticoagulant Sodium Citrate Solution use

A

Employed for the preparation of blood for fractionation,
for banked blood transfusion and for the preparation of
citrated human plasma.

92
Q

Type I Glass Container

A

Highly resistant borosilicate glass

93
Q

Type II Glass Container

A

Treated Sodalime

94
Q

Type III Glass Container

A

Sodalime

95
Q

Type IV/NP Glass Container

A

Non-parental

96
Q

Use of Types I, II, III glasses

A

Parental products

97
Q

Use of IV glass

A

General containers

98
Q

Tests for I, III, IV glasses

A

Powdered glass test

99
Q

Test for II glass

A

Water attack test

Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Devices (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions