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Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Devices > Experiment 8 - 9 > Flashcards

Experiment 8 - 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Thick, viscid, adhesive liquid dispersion of gum in water.

A

MUCILAGES

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2
Q

Signs of decomposition MUCILAGES

A

▪ Formation of sediments or precipitates
▪ Mold growth or microbial growth
▪ Decrease viscosity
▪ Color change
▪ Gas formulation

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3
Q

MUCILAGES Pharmaceutical uses

A

▪ Suspending agent
▪ Tablet Binders
▪ Emulsifying agent
▪ Diluting Agent

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4
Q

MUCILAGES Therapeutic uses

A

▪ Demulcent
▪ Protective
▪ Bulk Laxatives

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5
Q

Synthetic mucilage

A

– Polyvinyl alcohol
– Methylcellulose
– Carboxymethylcellulose

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6
Q

Increase the viscosity of water by binding water molecules, thus limiting their mobility and fluidity.

A

HYDROPHILLIC COLLOIDS

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7
Q

Viscosity is _________ to the concentration of the colloid.

A

proportional

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8
Q

ACACIA GUM aka

A

Gum arabic

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9
Q

ACACIA GUM source

A

The dried gummy exudate from the stems and branches
Acacia senegal, Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae)

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10
Q

Acacia trees are tapped by making a __________ in the bark and peeling it both above and below the cut, thus exposing an area of cambium 2 to 3 feet in length and 2 to 3 feet in breadth.

A

TRANSVERSE INCISION

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11
Q

The formation of the gum maybe caused by

A

bacterial action or by action of a ferment.

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12
Q

ACACIA GUM Physical properties

A

▪ Spheroidal tears or angular fragments
▪ Up to 32 mm in diameter
▪ White to yellowish-white color
▪ Translucent or somewhat opaque
▪ Very brittle, almost brittle,
▪ Almost odorless
▪ Soluble

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13
Q

ACACIA GUM Chemical properties

A

▪ Consists principally of arabin=
▪ 12-15% water
▪ Enzymes

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14
Q

ACACIA GUM Uses

A

 Emulsifying agent
 Suspending Agent
 Adhesive and Binder
 Demulcent
 Emollient

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15
Q

ACACIA GUM Incompatibilities

A
  1. Alcohol and alcoholic solutions precipitate acacia
  2. Heavy Metals
  3. Borax
  4. Contains peroxidase which acts as an oxidizing agent
  5. React with alkaloids
  6. Hydrolized by dilute mineral acid
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16
Q

TRAGACANTH GUM aka

A

Hog Gum, Goat’s thorn

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17
Q

TRAGACANTH GUM sources

A

The dried, gummy exudate
Astragalus gummifer, Family Leguminosae (Fabacea)

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18
Q

ACACIA GUM origin

A

Sudan
Senegal

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19
Q

TRAGACANTH GUM origin

A

Asia Minor,
Iran, Syria,
Soviet Union,
Greece.

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20
Q

TRAGACANTH GUM Physical properties

A

 Flattened, lamellated, frequently curved fragments or straight or spirally twisted linear pieces
 0.5 to .25 mm in thickness
 white to weak yellow in color
 Odorless
 Insipid, mucilaginous taste
 Soluble

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21
Q

TRAGACANTH GUM Chemical properties

A

 Contains 60 to 70% of basorin=
 30% Tragacanthin

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22
Q

TRAGACANTH GUM Uses

A
  1. Emulsifying Agent
  2. Demulcent
  3. Basis for pharmaceutical jellies
  4. Excipient in pills
  5. Suspending Agents
  6. Protective
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23
Q

TRAGACANTH GUM Incompatibilities

A

 Precipitated by alcohol
 Viscosity is reduced by acid, alkali, sodium chloride and if the mucilage is heated.

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24
Q

A two-phase system in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small globules throughout another liquid in which it is immiscible.

A

Emulsions

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25
Q

Emulsions phase

A
  1. Internal Phase
  2. External or Continuous Phase
  3. Emulsifying Agent
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26
Q

Types of Emulsions

A
  1. Oil-in-Water Emulsions (o/w)
  2. Water-in-oil Emulsions (w/o)
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27
Q

emulsions with an oleaginous internal phase and an aqueous external phase.

A

Oil-in-Water Emulsions (o/w)

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28
Q

emulsions having an aqueous internal phase and an oleaginous external phase

A

Water-in-oil Emulsions (w/o)

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29
Q

Purpose of Emulsification

A
  1. to prepare relatively stable and homogenous mixtures of two immiscible liquids
  2. Permits administration of a liquid drug in the form of minute globules rather than in bulk
  3. The oil is more digestible and more readily absorbed
  4. Decrease the irritating effects of medicinal substances
  5. Emollient / softens the tissue and skin
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30
Q

Preparation Of Emulsions

A
  • Selection of the emulsifying agent
  • Method employed for preparing
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31
Q

Emulsifying Agents

A

– agent to promote emulsification
– maintain the stability of the emulsion for the intended shelf life of the product
– Must be compatible with the other formulating ingredients
– Must not interfere with the stability or efficacy
– Should be stable and not deteriorate in the preparation
– Should be non-toxic
– Should possess little odor, taste or color

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32
Q

Emulsifying Agents and Stabilizers types

A
  1. Carbohydrate Materials
  2. Protein substances
  3. High Molecular Weight Alcohols
  4. Wetting Agents
  5. Finely divided solids
  6. Antioxidants
  7. Humectant
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33
Q

Naturally occurring agents; form hydrophilic colloids which when added to water; produce o/w emulsions

A

Carbohydrate Materials

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34
Q

Produce o/w emulsions

A

Protein substances

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35
Q

Employed primarily as thickening agents and stabilizers for o/w emulsions

A

High Molecular Weight Alcohols

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36
Q

Wetting Agents

A

Anionic
Cationic
Nonionic

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37
Q

Generally form o/w emulsions

A

Finely divided solids

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38
Q

each emulsifying agent has a __________ portion and a __________ portion, with one or the other being more or less predominant.

A

hydrophilic; lipophilic

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39
Q

A method which has been devised whereby the emulsifying or surface-active agents may be categorized on the basis of their chemical makeup as to their hydrophil–lipophil balance,

A

HLB SYSTEM

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40
Q

Methods of Emulsion Preparation

A

Continental Method
English Method
Bottle Method
Auxiliary Method
In Situ Soap Method

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41
Q

Continental Ratio

A

1G + 4O + 2W

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42
Q

English Ratio

A

1G + 2W + 4O

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43
Q

Bottle Ratio

A

2O/2W + 1G

44
Q

Microemulsion

A

Biphasic o/w & surfactant

45
Q

Growth of one emulsion droplet at the expense of a smaller one

A

Ostwald ripening

46
Q

Bentonite comes from _________ sources

A

Volcanic

47
Q

Solution or mixtures of various substances in oil, alcoholic solution of soup or emulsion, intended for external application

A

Liniments

48
Q

Vehicles of liniments intended generally for rubefacients, counterirritant, mildly astringent and penetrating effects

A

Alcoholic

49
Q

Vehicles used for liniments with protective coating function

A

Oleaginous

50
Q

Liniments uses

A

> Used to relieve itching
Cause biological tissues to contract
Softens skin or treat dry skin
Relieves pain
Rubefacient
Counterirritant

51
Q

Gels in nature

A

Thixotropic

52
Q

Mucilages Decomposition remedy

A

Don’t use in large quantities
Use them immediately
Add preservative

53
Q

Arabin is a complex of

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Potassium Salt

54
Q

Polysaccharides in acacia

A

L-arabinose
D-galactose
D-gluconic acid
L-rhamnose

55
Q

Acacia gum dispersion in water

A

35%

56
Q

Tragacanth gum dispersion in water

A

6%

57
Q

Basorin is a complex

A

polymethoxylated acid

58
Q

Tragacanthin is ___________ product of gum

A

demethoxylated

59
Q

polymethoxylated acid makes tragacanth

A

Viscous and water soluble

60
Q

Tragacanth pros against acacia

A

Less prone to decomposition
Resistant to hydrolysis
Prefered in acidic preparation

61
Q

Causes the swelling when acacia is hydrolyzed

A

Polysaccharides

62
Q

Acacia gum enzymes

A

Oxidase
Peroxidase
Pectinase

63
Q

Acacia is completely soluble in ________ its weight

A

twice

64
Q

tragacanth absorbs certain forms of liquid that swells into ____________

A

Adhesive paste

65
Q

Emulsifying agent other names

A

Emulgent
Emulsifiers

66
Q

Oil in water products

A

for solution

67
Q

Water in oil product

A

lotion and creams

68
Q

Carbohydrate Material

A

Agar (irish moss)
Acacia
Pectin
Microcrystalline cellulose,
lechitin

69
Q

Carbohydrate material disadvantage

A

Prone to microbe attack

70
Q

Protein substance

A

Egg yolk
Gelatin
Casein

71
Q

Protein substances products

A

Mayonaise
Yogurt

72
Q

Natural emulgents and stabilizers

A

Carbohydrate
Protein

73
Q

High Molecular Weight Alcohol O/W

A

Stearyl
Cetyl
Glyceryl monostearate

74
Q

High Molecular Weight Alcohol W/O

A

Cholesterol

75
Q

Wetting agent Anionic

A

Sodium lauryl sulfate

76
Q

Wetting agent Cationic

A

Quats(Quaternary Ammonium Compound)
Benzal C.

77
Q

Quats are also used as

A

Preservative

78
Q

Wetting agent Non ionic

A

Tweens and Spans

79
Q

Finely divided solids clays

A

Bentonite
Veegum
Magnesium Hydroxide
Aluminum Hydroxide

80
Q

Antioxidant

A

BHT = Butylated Hydroxy toluene
BHA = Butylated Hydroxy anisole
Vitamin E = Tocopherol

81
Q

Humectant

A

Glycerin
PEG
MO

82
Q

An emulsion prepared by either wet gum or dry gum method can generally be increased in quality by passing it through a hand homogenizer.

A

Auxiliary Method

83
Q

Auxiliary Method reduces particle size to

A

5 mcm or less

84
Q

Applied in soap making

A

In Situ Method

85
Q

In Situ Method ingredients

A

Water
Alkali
Oil

86
Q

Alkali in Soap making

A

Lye Sodium Hydroxide
Limewater Calcium Hydroxide

87
Q

In Situ Method emulgent

A

Calcium oleate

88
Q

Calcium Soap

A

Calamine liniment

89
Q

Soft soap

A

Turpentine liniment

90
Q

Thermodynamically stable, optically transparent isotropic mixtures of a biphasic o/w system stabilized with surfactants

A

Microemulsions

91
Q

Microemulsions ADVANTAGES:

A
  1. More rapid and efficient oral absorption of drugs than through solid dosage forms
  2. Enhanced transdermal drug delivery through increased diffusion into the skin
  3. Unique potential application of microemulsions in the development of artificial RBC
92
Q

completely breaks, i.e., the system separates into bulk oil and water phases, can result to cracking.

A

Coalescence

93
Q

Surfactants of Microemulsion

A

Polysorbate 60 and 80

94
Q

this is the term applied when the disperse phase coalesces and forms a separate

A

Cracking

95
Q

the oil separates out, forming a layer on top of the emulsion,

A

Creaming

96
Q

can be generally defined as the aggregation of droplets to give 3-D clusters without coalescence occurring.

A

Flocculation

97
Q

sedimentation and coalescence of emulsified drops of the dispersed phase so that they will settle out of the carrier liquid;

A

Breaking

98
Q
  • this is the process when an oil-in-water emulsion changes to a water-in-oil emulsion or vice versa.
A

Phase inversion

99
Q

For stability of an emulsion, the optimum range of concentration of dispersed phase is _______ of the total volume.

A

30–60%

100
Q

Factors influencing the rate of separation

A
  1. Particle size of the dispersed phase
  2. Difference in density between the phases
  3. Viscosity of the external phase
101
Q

To Increase Stability:

A
  1. The globule or the particle size should be reduced as fine as is practically possible
  2. Density difference between the internal and the external phases should be minimal
  3. Viscosity of the external phase should be reasonable high (thickeners)
102
Q

Storage Requirements

A
  • Should be protected from extremes cold and heat
  • Protected from light, air and contaminating microorganisms
103
Q

Cod Liver oil Emulsion use

A

Vitamin D and A Supplementation

104
Q

Mineral Oil Emulsion use

A

Lubricant laxative

105
Q

Eucalyptus Emulsion use

A

Pain reliever

106
Q

Methyl salicylate emulsion

A

Temporary relief of muscle and joint pain

107
Q

Turpentine Oil Emulsion use

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Devices (6 decks)

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