1. Emulsifying Agent 2. Demulcent 3. Basis for pharmaceutical jellies 4. Excipient in pills 5. Suspending Agents 6. Protective

Experiment 8 - 9 Flashcards by LEA ROS MANALASTAS

Thick, viscid, adhesive liquid dispersion of gum in water.

MUCILAGES

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Signs of decomposition MUCILAGES

▪ Formation of sediments or precipitates
▪ Mold growth or microbial growth
▪ Decrease viscosity
▪ Color change
▪ Gas formulation

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MUCILAGES Pharmaceutical uses

▪ Suspending agent
▪ Tablet Binders
▪ Emulsifying agent
▪ Diluting Agent

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MUCILAGES Therapeutic uses

▪ Demulcent
▪ Protective
▪ Bulk Laxatives

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Synthetic mucilage

– Polyvinyl alcohol
– Methylcellulose
– Carboxymethylcellulose

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Increase the viscosity of water by binding water molecules, thus limiting their mobility and fluidity.

HYDROPHILLIC COLLOIDS

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Viscosity is _________ to the concentration of the colloid.

proportional

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ACACIA GUM aka

Gum arabic

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ACACIA GUM source

The dried gummy exudate from the stems and branches
Acacia senegal, Family Leguminosae (Fabaceae)

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Acacia trees are tapped by making a __________ in the bark and peeling it both above and below the cut, thus exposing an area of cambium 2 to 3 feet in length and 2 to 3 feet in breadth.

TRANSVERSE INCISION

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The formation of the gum maybe caused by

bacterial action or by action of a ferment.

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ACACIA GUM Physical properties

▪ Spheroidal tears or angular fragments
▪ Up to 32 mm in diameter
▪ White to yellowish-white color
▪ Translucent or somewhat opaque
▪ Very brittle, almost brittle,
▪ Almost odorless
▪ Soluble

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ACACIA GUM Chemical properties

▪ Consists principally of arabin=
▪ 12-15% water
▪ Enzymes

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ACACIA GUM Uses

 Emulsifying agent
 Suspending Agent
 Adhesive and Binder
 Demulcent
 Emollient

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ACACIA GUM Incompatibilities

Alcohol and alcoholic solutions precipitate acacia
Heavy Metals
Borax
Contains peroxidase which acts as an oxidizing agent
React with alkaloids
Hydrolized by dilute mineral acid

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TRAGACANTH GUM aka

Hog Gum, Goat’s thorn

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TRAGACANTH GUM sources

The dried, gummy exudate
Astragalus gummifer, Family Leguminosae (Fabacea)

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ACACIA GUM origin

Sudan
Senegal

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TRAGACANTH GUM origin

Asia Minor,
Iran, Syria,
Soviet Union,
Greece.

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TRAGACANTH GUM Physical properties

 Flattened, lamellated, frequently curved fragments or straight or spirally twisted linear pieces
 0.5 to .25 mm in thickness
 white to weak yellow in color
 Odorless
 Insipid, mucilaginous taste
 Soluble

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TRAGACANTH GUM Chemical properties

 Contains 60 to 70% of basorin=
 30% Tragacanthin

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TRAGACANTH GUM Uses

Emulsifying Agent
Demulcent
Basis for pharmaceutical jellies
Excipient in pills
Suspending Agents
Protective

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TRAGACANTH GUM Incompatibilities

 Precipitated by alcohol
 Viscosity is reduced by acid, alkali, sodium chloride and if the mucilage is heated.

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A two-phase system in which one liquid is dispersed in the form of small globules throughout another liquid in which it is immiscible.

Emulsions

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Emulsions phase

1. Internal Phase 2. External or Continuous Phase 3. Emulsifying Agent

Types of Emulsions

1. Oil-in-Water Emulsions (o/w) 2. Water-in-oil Emulsions (w/o)

emulsions with an oleaginous internal phase and an aqueous external phase.

Oil-in-Water Emulsions (o/w)

emulsions having an aqueous internal phase and an oleaginous external phase

Water-in-oil Emulsions (w/o)

Purpose of Emulsification

1. to prepare relatively stable and homogenous mixtures of two immiscible liquids 2. Permits administration of a liquid drug in the form of minute globules rather than in bulk 3. The oil is more digestible and more readily absorbed 4. Decrease the irritating effects of medicinal substances 5. Emollient / softens the tissue and skin

Preparation Of Emulsions

* Selection of the emulsifying agent * Method employed for preparing

Emulsifying Agents

– agent to promote emulsification – maintain the stability of the emulsion for the intended shelf life of the product – Must be compatible with the other formulating ingredients – Must not interfere with the stability or efficacy – Should be stable and not deteriorate in the preparation – Should be non-toxic – Should possess little odor, taste or color

Emulsifying Agents and Stabilizers types

1. Carbohydrate Materials 2. Protein substances 3. High Molecular Weight Alcohols 4. Wetting Agents 5. Finely divided solids 6. Antioxidants 7. Humectant

Naturally occurring agents; form hydrophilic colloids which when added to water; produce o/w emulsions

Carbohydrate Materials

Produce o/w emulsions

Protein substances

Employed primarily as thickening agents and stabilizers for o/w emulsions

High Molecular Weight Alcohols

Wetting Agents

Anionic Cationic Nonionic

Generally form o/w emulsions

Finely divided solids

each emulsifying agent has a __________ portion and a __________ portion, with one or the other being more or less predominant.

hydrophilic; lipophilic

A method which has been devised whereby the emulsifying or surface-active agents may be categorized on the basis of their chemical makeup as to their hydrophil–lipophil balance,

HLB SYSTEM

Methods of Emulsion Preparation

Continental Method English Method Bottle Method Auxiliary Method In Situ Soap Method

Continental Ratio

1G + 4O + 2W

English Ratio

1G + 2W + 4O

Bottle Ratio

2O/2W + 1G

Microemulsion

Biphasic o/w & surfactant

Growth of one emulsion droplet at the expense of a smaller one

Ostwald ripening

Bentonite comes from _________ sources

Volcanic

Solution or mixtures of various substances in oil, alcoholic solution of soup or emulsion, intended for external application

Liniments

Vehicles of liniments intended generally for rubefacients, counterirritant, mildly astringent and penetrating effects

Alcoholic

Vehicles used for liniments with protective coating function

Oleaginous

Liniments uses

> Used to relieve itching > Cause biological tissues to contract > Softens skin or treat dry skin > Relieves pain > Rubefacient > Counterirritant

Gels in nature

Thixotropic

Mucilages Decomposition remedy

Don't use in large quantities Use them immediately Add preservative

Arabin is a complex of

Calcium Magnesium Potassium Salt

Polysaccharides in acacia

L-arabinose D-galactose D-gluconic acid L-rhamnose

Acacia gum dispersion in water

35%

Tragacanth gum dispersion in water

Basorin is a complex

polymethoxylated acid

Tragacanthin is ___________ product of gum

demethoxylated

polymethoxylated acid makes tragacanth

Viscous and water soluble

Tragacanth pros against acacia

Less prone to decomposition Resistant to hydrolysis Prefered in acidic preparation

Causes the swelling when acacia is hydrolyzed

Polysaccharides

Acacia gum enzymes

Oxidase Peroxidase Pectinase

Acacia is completely soluble in ________ its weight

twice

tragacanth absorbs certain forms of liquid that swells into ____________

Adhesive paste

Emulsifying agent other names

Emulgent Emulsifiers

Oil in water products

for solution

Water in oil product

lotion and creams

Carbohydrate Material

Agar (irish moss) Acacia Pectin Microcrystalline cellulose, lechitin

Carbohydrate material disadvantage

Prone to microbe attack

Protein substance

Egg yolk Gelatin Casein

Protein substances products

Mayonaise Yogurt

Natural emulgents and stabilizers

Carbohydrate Protein

High Molecular Weight Alcohol O/W

Stearyl Cetyl Glyceryl monostearate

High Molecular Weight Alcohol W/O

Cholesterol

Wetting agent Anionic

Sodium lauryl sulfate

Wetting agent Cationic

Quats(Quaternary Ammonium Compound) Benzal C.

Quats are also used as

Preservative

Wetting agent Non ionic

Tweens and Spans

Finely divided solids clays

Bentonite Veegum Magnesium Hydroxide Aluminum Hydroxide

Antioxidant

BHT = Butylated Hydroxy toluene BHA = Butylated Hydroxy anisole Vitamin E = Tocopherol

Humectant

Glycerin PEG MO

An emulsion prepared by either wet gum or dry gum method can generally be increased in quality by passing it through a hand homogenizer.

Auxiliary Method

Auxiliary Method reduces particle size to

5 mcm or less

Applied in soap making

In Situ Method

In Situ Method ingredients

Water Alkali Oil

Alkali in Soap making

Lye Sodium Hydroxide Limewater Calcium Hydroxide

In Situ Method emulgent

Calcium oleate

Calcium Soap

Calamine liniment

Soft soap

Turpentine liniment

Thermodynamically stable, optically transparent isotropic mixtures of a biphasic o/w system stabilized with surfactants

Microemulsions

Microemulsions ADVANTAGES:

1. More rapid and efficient oral absorption of drugs than through solid dosage forms 2. Enhanced transdermal drug delivery through increased diffusion into the skin 3. Unique potential application of microemulsions in the development of artificial RBC

completely breaks, i.e., the system separates into bulk oil and water phases, can result to cracking.

Coalescence

Surfactants of Microemulsion

Polysorbate 60 and 80

this is the term applied when the disperse phase coalesces and forms a separate

Cracking

the oil separates out, forming a layer on top of the emulsion,

Creaming

can be generally defined as the aggregation of droplets to give 3-D clusters without coalescence occurring.

Flocculation

sedimentation and coalescence of emulsified drops of the dispersed phase so that they will settle out of the carrier liquid;

Breaking

- this is the process when an oil-in-water emulsion changes to a water-in-oil emulsion or vice versa.

Phase inversion

For stability of an emulsion, the optimum range of concentration of dispersed phase is _______ of the total volume.

30–60%

Factors influencing the rate of separation

1. Particle size of the dispersed phase 2. Difference in density between the phases 3. Viscosity of the external phase

To Increase Stability:

1. The globule or the particle size should be reduced as fine as is practically possible 2. Density difference between the internal and the external phases should be minimal 3. Viscosity of the external phase should be reasonable high (thickeners)

Storage Requirements

* Should be protected from extremes cold and heat * Protected from light, air and contaminating microorganisms

Cod Liver oil Emulsion use

Vitamin D and A Supplementation

Mineral Oil Emulsion use

Lubricant laxative

Eucalyptus Emulsion use

Pain reliever

Methyl salicylate emulsion

Temporary relief of muscle and joint pain

Turpentine Oil Emulsion use

Rheumatoid arthritis