Flavoring agents Medicinal Agents

Post Lab Activity 5-7 Flashcards by LEA ROS MANALASTAS

Alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions of volatile substances

Spirits

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Other name for Spirits

(Essences)

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Another name for Spirits

(Essences)

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Obtained from a plant or drug and contains its characteristics and properties in concentrated form

Volatile Oil

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Volatile oils usually have greater solubility in _________ than in _________

alcohol; water

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Spirits Uses

Flavoring agents
Medicinal Agents

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sourced from the therapeutic value of the aromatic solute

Medicinal Agents

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provides a convenient and ready means of obtaining the volatile oil in the proper quantity

Flavoring agents

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Methods of Preparation Spirits

Simple Solution
Solution with Maceration
Chemical Reaction
Distillation

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(dissolving the solute in alcohol with agitation and filtering to obtain a clear product)

Simple Solution

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Camphor Spirit Uses

local irritant
treatment of cold sores, fever blisters
Anti-pruritic
carminative and anti-diarrheal

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Camphor Spirit, camphor percentage

10%

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Camphor Spirit dose as a carminative and anti-diarrheal

1ml

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Cardamom Spirit Ingredients

Cardamom Oil
Orange Oil
Cinnamon oil
Clove Oil
Anethole

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Cardamom Spirit Use:

Flavoring agent

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(macerating the vegetable materials in a suitable solvent to remove any undesired constituent or to extract one which is desired)

Solution with Maceration

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means steeping or soaking, sufficiently submerging to extract phytochemicals

Maceration

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(mixing and reacting two or more chemical substances in order to produce the final chemical product)

Chemical Reaction

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Hydroalcoholic solution of ammonia and ammonium carbonate flavored with volatile oils

Aromatic Ammonia Spirit

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Aromatic Ammonia Spirit Oils

Lemon oil,
Myristica oil
Lavender oil

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Ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3)= __________ in alcohol

insoluble

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Ammonium carbamate (NH2COONH4)= __________ in alcohol

soluble

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Aromatic Ammonia Spirit Alcohol percentage

62-68%

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process of extracting chemical compounds or flavors from plant material in a solvent such as water, oil or alcohol, by allowing the material to remain suspended in the solvent over time

Infusion

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with slight warming during the extraction process, provided that the temperature, most used temperatures are between 35 ° and 40 ° C.

Digestion

is a method of extraction by boiling herbal or plant material to dissolve the chemicals of the material

Decoction

the process by which water moves downward through the sample under gravitational forces.

Percolation

Sucks up moisture

efflorescence

Upon standing, the compound takes up moisture, and the _________ portion releases ammonia leaving a white powdery residue of _________ on the surface of the compound

carbamate; ammonium bicarbonate

which is required to be about _________ by weight, of ammonia.

1.9%

Aromatic Ammonia Spirit stands for

12 hours.

Aromatic Ammonia Spirit use

Inhalation for fainting

Aromatic Ammonia Spirit Unofficial dose

2ml

Grapes scientific name

Vitis vinifera, Vitaceae

(evaporating and subsequent collection of a liquid by condensation as a means acquiring the volatile component of a plant material).

Distillation

Prepared by distillation of the fermented juice of ripe grapes which contains about 50% of alcohol

Brandy

Prepared by the distillation of the fermented mash of wholly or partly malted cereal grain

Whiskey

Similar to brandy, have 35% to 60% alcohol content

Cognac

Similar to whiskey, have 51% alcohol content

Bourbon

1 proof is equal to ________% alcohol

1/2

It is made up of marley

Scotch

Malt is a component of

whiskey & milo

List of neutral grains

wheat barley corn

Makes high quality Gin

Juniper berries

Gin is made up of ________

neutral grains

Gin + Carbonated water + Lime

Tonic

Made up of neutral grains, rye, but mostly potatoes and have 95 to 40% alcohol content

Vodka

Mades from molasses, with 40% alcohol content

Rum

Rum example

Bacardi

Used for margaritas and comes from agave, having 40% of alcohol content

Tequila

Sudden fainting/blacking out

Syncope

Spirit made from wormwood

Absinthe

Wormwood scientific name

Artemisia absinthium, Asteraceae

A hallucinogen derived from absinthe

Thujone

Precautions in Preparing Spirits

Mixing with water or aqueous substances Mixing with salt solutions Filtration

Mixing with water or aqueous substances

results in a milky preparation due to separation of the volatile substances in solution.

Mixing with salt solutions

salts have less solubility in alcohol than in water hence precipitation occur due to high alcoholic and low water content

Alcoholic solution containing 10% peppermint oil and the green pigment, chlorophyll

Peppermint Spirt

Differences between spirits and aromatic waters

Spirits have higher volatile oil content than aromatic waters

Used not for its oil content, but rather for the purpose of imparting a pleasant green color to the product.

Peppermint Leaves

the drug is first macerated with water to remove the _____________.

water-soluble brown pigments

Peppermint Spirit Uses

Digestive aid Carminative in flatulence and nausea Flavoring agent

Peppermint Spirit for Carminative in flatulence and nausea: dose

1ml is mixed with water

Compound Orange Spirit contains approximately ________ of combined oils in alcohol

27.5 percent

Compound Orange Spirit Oils

✓Orange ✓Coriander ✓Lemon ✓Anise

Compound Orange Spirit Use:

Flavoring agent particularly in elixirs

Clear, sweetened hydro-alcoholic liquids for internal use and oral use.

Elixirs

is used for elixirs with high alcoholic content

Saccharin

Elixirs containing _______ alcohol are self-preserving.

10-12%

Sweeting agents of elixirs

glycerin, sorbitol, propylene glycol, sucrose, saccharin

Elixirs Disadvantages:

1. High Alcoholic content that causes toxicity 2. Counteracts the effect of other medicines 3. Difficult to mask taste

Preparation of Elixirs

Simple solution with agitation Admixture of two or more liquid ingredients

Elixirs storage

air tight, light resistant containers

Types of Elixirs

Flavored/ Non- medicated Medicated

Flavored/ Non- medicated examples

Aromatic Elixir, Compound Benzaldehyde Elixir, Iso-alcoholic Elixir

Antihistamine elixirs example

Diphenhydramine- 5.6% alcohol

maintaining daytime sedation, treating convulsive states, and least useful in acting as hypnotics

Phenobarbital (14% Alcohol)

short term daytime sedation, effective in treating insomnia

Amobarbital

Short Acting Barbiturate

Pentobarbital, Secobarbital

induce anesthesia

Thiopental

Large doses Barbiturate Sedative and Hypnotic Elixirs

Residual sedation May lead to dependence

Butabarbital sodium

7% Alcohol

Antiarrhythmic Agent, Cardiac glycoside

Digoxin elixir

Digoxin elixir Isolated from

Digitalis lanata, Plantaginaceae

Adrenocortical steroid elixir Used for:

✓Rheumatoid arthritis ✓Skin Diseases ✓Allergies ✓Inflammatory Conditions

5%, synthetic analogue of hydrocortisone

Dexamethasone

Reduction of pain and lowering of fever useful for pediatrics and is alcohol free

Analgesic and Antipyretic elixir

Anticholinergic elixir example

Hyoscyamine sulfate (20% alcohol)

Management of psychotic disorders

Antipsychotic elixir

Antipsychotic elixir example

Fluphenazine

used for gingivitis, halitosis, dental caries, stomatitis or to reduce plaque.

Mouthwashes

severe chronic bad breath

(halitosis)

Aqueous and hydroalcoholic solution which is used to treat or prevent throat infection.

Gargles

aqueous solutions often in concentrated form containing one or more active ingredients and excipients. The liquid is swished in the oral cavity.

Mouthwash

Solutions or dispensions of one or more active ingredient intended for application to the mucosa of the throat or mouth.

Throat Paint

Mouthwash Potassium bicarbonate

reacting agent and buffering agent

Mouthwash Sodium borate

alkalinizing agent

Mouthwash Thymol

active ingredient

Mouthwash Eucalyptol

active ingredient

Mouthwash Methyl salicylate

active ingredient

Mouthwash Green food color/ Ammaranth

colorant

Mouthwash Ethanol

co- solvent, preservative

Mouthwash Glycerin/ Glycerol-

solvent, preservative, artificial sweetener