Post Lab Activity 5-7 Flashcards
Alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions of volatile substances
Spirits
Other name for Spirits
(Essences)
Another name for Spirits
(Essences)
Obtained from a plant or drug and contains its characteristics and properties in concentrated form
Volatile Oil
Volatile oils usually have greater solubility in _________ than in _________
alcohol; water
Spirits Uses
- Flavoring agents
- Medicinal Agents
sourced from the therapeutic value of the aromatic solute
Medicinal Agents
provides a convenient and ready means of obtaining the volatile oil in the proper quantity
Flavoring agents
Methods of Preparation Spirits
Simple Solution
Solution with Maceration
Chemical Reaction
Distillation
(dissolving the solute in alcohol with agitation and filtering to obtain a clear product)
Simple Solution
Camphor Spirit Uses
local irritant
treatment of cold sores, fever blisters
Anti-pruritic
carminative and anti-diarrheal
Camphor Spirit, camphor percentage
10%
Camphor Spirit dose as a carminative and anti-diarrheal
1ml
Cardamom Spirit Ingredients
- Cardamom Oil
- Orange Oil
- Cinnamon oil
- Clove Oil
- Anethole
Cardamom Spirit Use:
Flavoring agent
(macerating the vegetable materials in a suitable solvent to remove any undesired constituent or to extract one which is desired)
Solution with Maceration
means steeping or soaking, sufficiently submerging to extract phytochemicals
Maceration
(mixing and reacting two or more chemical substances in order to produce the final chemical product)
Chemical Reaction
Hydroalcoholic solution of ammonia and ammonium carbonate flavored with volatile oils
Aromatic Ammonia Spirit
Aromatic Ammonia Spirit Oils
Lemon oil,
Myristica oil
Lavender oil
Ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3)= __________ in alcohol
insoluble
Ammonium carbamate (NH2COONH4)= __________ in alcohol
soluble
Aromatic Ammonia Spirit Alcohol percentage
62-68%
process of extracting chemical compounds or flavors from plant material in a solvent such as water, oil or alcohol, by allowing the material to remain suspended in the solvent over time
Infusion
with slight warming during the extraction process, provided that the temperature, most used temperatures are between 35 ° and 40 ° C.
Digestion
is a method of extraction by boiling herbal or plant material to dissolve the chemicals of the material
Decoction
the process by which water moves downward through the sample under gravitational forces.
Percolation
Sucks up moisture
efflorescence
Upon standing, the compound takes up moisture, and the _________ portion releases ammonia leaving a white powdery residue of _________ on the surface of the compound
carbamate; ammonium bicarbonate
which is required to be about _________ by weight, of ammonia.
1.9%
Aromatic Ammonia Spirit stands for
12 hours.
Aromatic Ammonia Spirit use
Inhalation for fainting
Aromatic Ammonia Spirit Unofficial dose
2ml
Grapes scientific name
Vitis vinifera, Vitaceae
(evaporating and subsequent collection of a liquid by condensation as a means acquiring the volatile component of a plant material).
Distillation
Prepared by distillation of the fermented juice of ripe grapes which contains about 50% of alcohol
Brandy
Prepared by the distillation of the fermented mash of wholly or partly malted cereal grain
Whiskey
Similar to brandy, have 35% to 60% alcohol content
Cognac
Similar to whiskey, have 51% alcohol content
Bourbon
1 proof is equal to ________% alcohol
1/2
It is made up of marley
Scotch
Malt is a component of
whiskey & milo
List of neutral grains
wheat
barley
corn
Makes high quality Gin
Juniper berries
Gin is made up of ________
neutral grains
Gin + Carbonated water + Lime
Tonic
Made up of neutral grains, rye, but mostly potatoes and have 95 to 40% alcohol content
Vodka
Mades from molasses, with 40% alcohol content
Rum
Rum example
Bacardi
Used for margaritas and comes from agave, having 40% of alcohol content
Tequila
Sudden fainting/blacking out
Syncope
Spirit made from wormwood
Absinthe
Wormwood scientific name
Artemisia absinthium, Asteraceae
A hallucinogen derived from absinthe
Thujone
Precautions in Preparing Spirits
Mixing with water or aqueous substances
Mixing with salt solutions
Filtration
Mixing with water or aqueous substances
results in a milky preparation due to separation of the volatile substances in solution.
Mixing with salt solutions
salts have less solubility in alcohol than in water hence precipitation occur due to high alcoholic and low water content
Alcoholic solution containing 10% peppermint oil and the green pigment, chlorophyll
Peppermint Spirt
Differences between spirits and aromatic waters
Spirits have higher volatile oil content than aromatic waters
Used not for its oil content, but rather for the purpose of
imparting a pleasant green color to the product.
Peppermint Leaves
the drug is first macerated with water to remove the _____________.
water-soluble brown pigments
Peppermint Spirit Uses
Digestive aid
Carminative in flatulence and nausea
Flavoring agent
Peppermint Spirit for Carminative in flatulence and nausea: dose
1ml is mixed with water
Compound Orange Spirit contains approximately ________ of combined oils in alcohol
27.5 percent
Compound Orange Spirit Oils
✓Orange
✓Coriander
✓Lemon
✓Anise
Compound Orange Spirit Use:
Flavoring agent particularly in elixirs
Clear, sweetened hydro-alcoholic liquids for internal use and oral use.
Elixirs
is used for elixirs with high alcoholic content
Saccharin
Elixirs containing _______ alcohol are self-preserving.
10-12%
Sweeting agents of elixirs
glycerin,
sorbitol,
propylene glycol,
sucrose,
saccharin
Elixirs Disadvantages:
- High Alcoholic content that causes toxicity
- Counteracts the effect of other medicines
- Difficult to mask taste
Preparation of Elixirs
Simple solution with agitation
Admixture of two or more liquid ingredients
Elixirs storage
air tight, light resistant containers
Types of Elixirs
Flavored/ Non- medicated
Medicated
Flavored/ Non- medicated examples
Aromatic Elixir,
Compound Benzaldehyde Elixir,
Iso-alcoholic Elixir
Antihistamine elixirs example
Diphenhydramine- 5.6% alcohol
maintaining daytime sedation, treating convulsive states, and least useful in acting as hypnotics
Phenobarbital (14% Alcohol)
short term daytime sedation, effective in
treating insomnia
Amobarbital
Short Acting Barbiturate
Pentobarbital,
Secobarbital
induce anesthesia
Thiopental
Large doses Barbiturate Sedative and Hypnotic Elixirs
Residual sedation
May lead to dependence
Butabarbital sodium
7% Alcohol
Antiarrhythmic Agent, Cardiac glycoside
Digoxin elixir
Digoxin elixir Isolated from
Digitalis lanata, Plantaginaceae
Adrenocortical steroid elixir Used for:
✓Rheumatoid arthritis
✓Skin Diseases
✓Allergies
✓Inflammatory Conditions
5%, synthetic analogue of hydrocortisone
Dexamethasone
Reduction of pain and lowering of fever useful for pediatrics and is alcohol free
Analgesic and Antipyretic elixir
Anticholinergic elixir example
Hyoscyamine sulfate (20% alcohol)
Management of psychotic disorders
Antipsychotic elixir
Antipsychotic elixir example
Fluphenazine
used for gingivitis, halitosis, dental caries, stomatitis or to reduce plaque.
Mouthwashes
severe chronic bad breath
(halitosis)
Aqueous and hydroalcoholic solution which is used to treat or prevent throat infection.
Gargles
aqueous solutions often in concentrated form containing one or more active ingredients and excipients. The liquid is swished in the oral cavity.
Mouthwash
Solutions or dispensions of one or more active ingredient intended for application to the mucosa of the throat or mouth.
Throat Paint
Mouthwash Potassium bicarbonate
reacting agent and buffering
agent
Mouthwash Sodium borate
alkalinizing agent
Mouthwash Thymol
active ingredient
Mouthwash Eucalyptol
active ingredient
Mouthwash Methyl salicylate
active ingredient
Mouthwash Green food color/ Ammaranth
colorant
Mouthwash Ethanol
co- solvent, preservative
Mouthwash Glycerin/ Glycerol-
solvent, preservative, artificial sweetener
