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Infection > Table > Flashcards

Table Flashcards

1
Q

Treatment of neisseria meningitidis

A

Ceftriaxone - meningococcal sepsis

3rd generation cephalosporin
Beta lactam- penicillin V
Cell wall synthesis inhibitor

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2
Q

Neissseria meningitidis features

A

Gram negative diplococci
Causes sepsis
Virulence factor - lipopolysaccharide

Common commensal of nasalpharynx
Ask for nasopharyngeal swab

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3
Q

Ecoli conditions

A

UTI
Peritonitis
Neonatal meningitis

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4
Q

Ecoli is a commensal of the…

A

Colon

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5
Q

What gram stain is E. coli

A

Gram negative bacilli

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6
Q

How to treat e.coli

A

Trimethoprim- UTI
Inhibitor of folic acid synthesis

Cefotaxime for neonatal meningitis

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7
Q

Staphylococcus aureus gram stain

A

Gram positive coccus

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8
Q

Staphylococcus aureus conditions

A

Cellulitis
MRSA
Skin abscess

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9
Q

Staphylococcus aureus commensal of the….

A

Skin

Take nose swab

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10
Q

Staphylococcus aureus treatment

A

Flucloxacillin - cellulitis

Vancomycin- MRSA

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

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11
Q

Staphylococcus epidermis commensal of the …

A

Skin

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12
Q

Features of staphylococcus epidermis

A

Forms biofilm
Quorum sensing
Very difficult to remove

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13
Q

Gram stain of staphylococcus epidermis

A

Gram positive cocci

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14
Q

Treatment of staphylococcus epidermis

A

Remove prosthetic device
Use silver coated central lines
Flucloxacillin - cellulitis

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15
Q

Staphylococcus epidermis condition

A

Cellulitis

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16
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes commensal of…

A

Skin

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17
Q

Features of streptococcus pyogenes

A

Group A beta haemolytic

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18
Q

Virulence factors of streptococcus pyogenes

A

Hyaluronic acid capsule - seems like self

M protein - hijacks respiratory burst mechanism of neutrophils

Streptokinase - breaks down blood clots

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19
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes causes

A

Pharyngitis

Tonsillitis

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20
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes gram stain

A

Gram positive cocci

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21
Q

Treatment of streptococcus pyogenes

A

Penicillin V

Clarythromycin - if resistant

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22
Q

Clostridium difficile commensal of the…

A

Colon

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23
Q

Clostridium difficile features and virulence factors

A

Associated with antibiotic use
Sporulating - difficult to remove

Virulence factors:

Toxin A enterotoxin causing inflammation and build of excess fluid in bowel - diarrhoea

Toxin B - cytotoxic which disrupts protein synthesis and disrupts cytoskeleton

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24
Q

Clostridium difficile gram stain

A

Gram positive bacilli

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25
Q

Treatment of clostridium difficile

A

Metronidazole- mild

Vancomycin-serious

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26
Q

Strep pneumoniae features

A

Community acquired
Viridans group of strep - alpha haemolytic
Polysaccharide capsule

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27
Q

Gram stain for strep pneumoniae

A

Gram positive cocci

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28
Q

Treatment of strep pneumoniae

A

Mild: amoxicillin
Penicillin Allergy: doxycycline
Moderate: amoxicillin and doxycycline
Severe: co-amoxiclav (IV) and doxycycline

Allergy: meropenem and doxycycline

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29
Q

Viridans streptococci features

A 
Oral commensal
Cause:
- tooth decay 
- bacterial endocarditis (rheumatic fever vegetative valves) 
Alpha haemolytic 
E.g streptococcus mutans
Group of gram positive cocci 
Antibiotic prophylaxis
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30
Q

Heamophilus influenzae commensal

A

Nasopharyngeal

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31
Q

Haemophilus influenzae features

A

Opportunistic infection
Produces Beta lactamase
Associated with children and pneumonia

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32
Q

Haemophilus influenzae gram stain

A

Gram negative bacilli

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33
Q

Haemophilus influenzae treatment

A

Amoxicillin

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34
Q

Salmonella typhi causes…

A

Typhoid
Enteric fever
Travel related infection - ingestion of contaminated water

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35
Q

Treatment for salmonella typhi

A

Ceftriaxone

Fluoroquinolones can also be used

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36
Q

Salmonella typhi

A

Gram negative bacilli with flagella
Low infectious dose
Survives gastric acid
Fimbriae

Reside within macrophages

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37
Q

Legionella pneumophila causes

A

Legionnaire’s disease
Legionellosis
Acute lobar pneumonia

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38
Q

Transmission of legionella pneumophila

A

Air droplet

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39
Q

Gram stain of legionella pneumophila

A

Gram negative bacilli

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40
Q

Treatment of legionella pneumophila

A

Clarythromycin

or Fluoroquinolones

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41
Q

Epstein -Barr virus

A

DsDNA
Enveloped

Causes:
Infects B cells
T cell proliferation
Splenomegaly

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42
Q

Epstein Barr virus diagnostics

A

PCR
EBV serology
FBC - elevated lymphocytes
T differential - increased cd8+

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43
Q

Complications of Epstein Barr virus

A 
Reed Steinberg cells - Hodgkin’s lymphoma 
Gastric lymphoma 
Burkit’s lymphoma 
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 
Sore throat 
Headache
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44
Q

Microscopy of Epstein Barr virus

A

Abnormal lymphocytes

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45
Q

Treatment of Epstein Barr virus

A

Supportive treatment

Acyclovir

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46
Q

Varicella Zoster features

A

Enveloped

First presents as chickenpoxs
Latent in dorsal root ganglia
Then presents as shingles on single dermatome
Vesicular rash

47
Q

Who gets varicella zoster

A

Immunocompromised

Young

48
Q

Treatment of varicella zoster

A

Acyclovir

Viral replication inhibitor

49
Q

Hepatitis B features

A

dsDNA
Enveloped
Blood borne virus

6weeks - 6months
After 6months - chronic infection

50
Q

Hepatitis B clinical presentation

A 
Fatigue 
Loss of appetite 
Nausea
Abdominal pain 
Jaundice
51
Q

Investigation for Hepatitis B

A

Raised:
ALT
AST
Bilirubin

Hep B serology

PCR - HBV DNA

52
Q

Hepatitis B complications

A

Jaundice

Cirrhosis

53
Q

Treatment of hep B

A 
Supportive 
Life long antivirals to suppress viral replication 
Vaccine 
Self limiting disease 
If chronic - no cure
54
Q

Hepatitis C features

A

Blood borne virus
Associated with:
IV drug users
Hepatocellular carcinoma

80% chronically infected
Leads to end stage liver disease - hospitalisation

55
Q

Clinical presentation of hep C

A 
Mostly asymptomatic 
Fatigue 
Anorexia
Abdominal pain
Nausea
56
Q

Investigation for hep c

A

Serology - anti hep C antibody

PCR

57
Q

Complications of hep C

A

Jaundice
Cirrhosis
Chronic inflammation and infection of hepatocytes

58
Q

Treatment of hep C

A

Ribovarin and interferon
(8-12wk treatment)
Can get reinfected
No vaccine

59
Q

HIV features

A

SsRNA
Enveloped
Retrovirus

Causes: Opportunistic conditions e.g.
Oral thrush - Candida albicans
Kaposis sarcoma - HHV8
Pneumocystis pneumonia - pneumocystis jirovecii

Reactivation of latent infections:
EBV
Shingles
CMV

Viral load inversely proportional to cd4 count
T cell count less than 100 - AIDS

60
Q

HIV treatment

A

2x nucleoside inhibitors (reverse transcriptase inhibitors)

AND

1 x non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

OR

1 x protease inhibitor

OR

1 x integrate inhibitor

61
Q

Adenovirus features

A

dsDNA
Non enveloped
Replicates in endothelial cells

62
Q

Clinical presentation of adenovirus

A

Conjunctivitis
Sore throat
Fever
Cough

63
Q

Treatment of adenovirus

A

Supportive

64
Q

Norovirus

A

Winter vomiting bug - closed environment like hospital

SsRNA
Non enveloped
Fecal - oral route
Low viral load required to cause infection

65
Q

Investigations for norovirus

A

ELISA

Stool sample

66
Q

Treatment of norovirus

A

Supportive:
Antipyretic
IV fluids

67
Q

Plasmodium falciparum

A

Parasite

Female anopheles mosquito as vector

68
Q

Effects of plasmodium falciparum

A

Heaptomegaly
Splenomegaly
Jaundice - increased bilirubin due to increased RBC destruction

69
Q

Investigations for malaria

A

3 x blood film

LFTs

70
Q

Treatment of malaria

A

Quinine
Doxycycline

G6PDH test before administering chloroquinine for p.vivax and p.ovale

71
Q

Candida albicans features

A

Fungi
Yeast (unicellular)
Opportunist infection
Commensal of vagina and mouth

72
Q

Treatment of Candida albicans

A

Nystatin
Clotrimazole
IV fluconazole

Systemic: amphotericin B

73
Q

Aspergillous features

A

Fungi
Acute infection of lungs
Opportunistic

74
Q

Treatment of aspergillous

A

Amphotericin B

75
Q

Cellulitis causative organisms

A

Staph aureus

Strep pyogenes

76
Q

Treatment of cellulitis

A

Flucloxacillin

77
Q

Tonsillitis complications

A 
Peritonsillar  abscess 
Rheumatic fever 
Acute post strep glomerulonephritis 
Impetigo 
Erysipelas 
Necrotising fasciitis
78
Q

Causative organisms of tonsillitis

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

79
Q

Treatment of tonsillitis

A

Penicillin V

80
Q

Meningococcal sepsis causative organism

A

Neisseria meningitidis

81
Q

Treatment of meningococcal sepsis

A

Ceftriaxone
3rd generation cephalosporin
Beta lactam: penicillin V

82
Q

UTI features (Ecoli)

A

More common in females
Dysuria
Increased urination frequency

83
Q

Ecoli UTI treatment

A

Trimethoprim

84
Q

UTI (Candida) features

A

Itching and burning pain

White discharge

85
Q

Treatment of Candida UTI

A

Topical nystatin or clotrimazole
IV fluconazole if severe
Systemic: amphotericin B

86
Q

Chemotherapy causing candidiasis treatment

A

Amphotericin B

87
Q

Chemotherapy causing shingles features and treatment

A

Caused by varicella zoster reactivation
(Latent In dorsal ganglia)

Acyclovir

88
Q

Skin abscess causative organism and features

A

Staph aureus

Can occur due to minor scratches in diabetics or immunocompromised host

89
Q

Treatment of skin abscesses

A

MRSA - vancomycin

If not, flucloxacillin

90
Q

Peritonitis causative organism features

A

E. coli
Large bowel adenocarcinoma (perforation)

Lower abdominal pain
Hot and sweaty
Ascites
Air in abdominal cavity

91
Q

Treatment of peritonitis

A

Trimethoprim

92
Q

Pneumonia features

A

Consolidation in lungs

Pulmonary oedema with inflammatory cell infiltration

93
Q

Pneumonia treatment

A

Mild: amoxicillin
Penicillin Allergy: doxycycline
Moderate: amoxicillin and doxycycline
Severe: co-amoxiclav (IV) and doxycycline

Allergy: meropenem and doxycycline

94
Q

Causative organisms of pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

Haemophilus influenzae

95
Q

Profuse diarrhoea causative organism

A

Clostridium difficile

96
Q

Profuse diarrhoea treatment

A

mild - metronidazole

Severe - vancomycin

97
Q

Aortic stenosis/ endocarditis organisms

A

Viridans streptococci

commensal of mouth

98
Q

Treatment of endocarditis

A

IV penicillin

Gentamicin

99
Q

Infected prosthetic/ central line organism organisms and treatment

A

Staphylococcus epidermis

Treat infected prosthetic
Replace
Flucloxacallin if in blood

100
Q

Vomiting and diarrhoea cause identification

A

ELISA
PCR
Stool sample

101
Q

Causes of pharyngitis

A

EBV
Strep pyogenes
Adenovirus

Droplet transmission

102
Q

cause of shingles

A

Varicella zoster

103
Q

Treatment of shingles

A

Acyclovir

104
Q

Cause of malaria

A

Plasmodium falciparum from female anopheles mosquito

105
Q

Treatment of malaria

A

Quinine

Doxycycline

106
Q

Cause of Schistosomiasis

A

Helminths

Causes hepatomegaly and fibrosis of liver and bladder
Eosinophilia

Take oral corticosteroids
Self limiting

107
Q

Enteric fever

A

Incubation: 7 - 14days

Fever
Headache
Abdominal discomfort
Dry cough

108
Q

Dengue

A

Arbovirus
Aedes mosquito

First infection - asymptomatic or fever

Supportive treatment

Reinfenction - haemorrhagic fever in children
- dengue shock syndrome

109
Q

Myiasis

A

Rural areas

Fly larva - bot fly

110
Q

Ebola causative organism

A

Filovirus - filoviridae

111
Q

Symptoms of Ebola

A 
Severe haemorrhagic fever 
Vomiting 
Diarrhoea 
Headache
Confusion 
Rash
112
Q

Zika virus

A

Arbovirus - aedes mosquito

Dengue like symptoms
Congenital microcephaly
Foetal loss

113
Q

Transmission of Zika virus

A

Vertical transmission

Sexual transmission

114
Q

Flu

A

Acute viral infection of the resp tract

Infection (10 decks)

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