T6 Muscles and Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Name a B1 blocker.

A

Metoprolol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is atropine used for?

A

Prevent sinus bradycardia after MI, anticholinesterase poisioning treatment, prevent bradycardia in surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a twitch vs a tetanus?

A

A twitch is a brief mechanical response to a single AP, tetanus is sustained mechanical response to a series of APs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name an B1 selective agonist.

A

Dobutamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are A1 postsynaptic receptors found?

A

Smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the lateral horn of grey matter contain?

A

Preganglionic autonomic neuron cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are B1 postsynaptic receptors found?

A

Mainly heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are M3 antagonists and botox used to treat?

A

Overactive bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name a A blocker.

A

Phenoxybenzamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is acetylcholinesterase located?

A

Post synaptic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How long does suxamethonium last?

A

5m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What surrounds single myofibres?

A

Endomysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What surrounds a whole muscle?

A

Epimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What would be the effect of blocking ganglionic nicotinic receptors at rest?

A

Constapation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What would be the effect of blocking ganglionic muscarinic receptors at rest?

A

Decrease sweating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the light part of a striation?

A

The I band

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do denticulate ligaments do?

A

Join spinal chord to lateral vertebral walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is Ca2+ released to smooth muscle?

A

From the extracellular space via Ca2+ channels. These are opened by binding of phospholipase 3 to receptors, releasing IP3 which acts on SR which acts on ion channels to cause Ca2+ influx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which zone only contains myosin?

A

The H zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How long is a single twitch?

A

100-300 ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are cardiac muscle cells linked mechanically and electronically?

A

By desosome and adherens junctions mechanically, by gap junctions electrically (intercalated discs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Is the vasomotor tone controlled by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many motor neurons innervate a motor unit in a whole muscle?

A

One motor unit is innervated by one motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where are autonomic cholinergic receptors located?

A

In paravertebral ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What would be the effect of blocking ganglionic adrenergic receptors at rest?

A

Loss of vasomotor tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is ipatropium used to treat?

A

Asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a muscle compartment surrounded by?

A

Deep fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Is the heart innervated by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which zones get shorter on contraction?

A

H and I zones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What connects SM cells?

A

Membrane dense areas and gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which system should control HR at rest?

A

Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the posterior, or dorsal, horn of grey matter contain?

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the ventral or anterior root of a spinal nerve contain?

A

Motor fibres only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Insulate neurons in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the anterior, or ventral, horn of grey matter contain?

A

Motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the name of the dural fold between cerebral hemispheres?

A

Falx cerebri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How long is a cardiac fibre?

A

200um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are microglia?

A

Macrophages of CNS

39
Q

What does monoamineoxidase inhibitors do?

A

Treat depression

40
Q

What happens in cross bridge cycling in a single sacromere when Ca2+ is present?

A

It is asynchronous

41
Q

Is visual accommodation sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic

42
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

CSF secreting cells

43
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Contribute to blood brain barrier, give strength to CNS

44
Q

What does monoamineoxidase do?

A

Recycles noradrenaline

45
Q

Where is the ultimate control of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

In the lateral ventricles and antero-inferior to the cerebellum

47
Q

What is the end plate potential?

A

Local depolarisation resulting from Na+ influx causing AP to propagate from NMJ to ends of fibre

48
Q

How are smooth muscle cells linked mechanically and electronically?

A

Mechanically by membrane dense areas, electronically by gap junctions

49
Q

Give an example of an A1 selective blocker.

50
Q

What are transverse tubules?

A

Invaginations of sacrolemma

51
Q

What are intercalated discs formed of?

A

An adherens junction and a gap junction

52
Q

What surrounds a muscle fibre?

A

Endomysium and sacrolemma

53
Q

What is released from sympathetic nerve terminals?

A

Noradrenaline and ATP and neuropeptide Y

54
Q

Describe the contractile mechanism of smooth muscle?

A

Ca2+ binds to calmodulin, activating myosin light chain kinase, which adds Pi to the myosin light chain so it will bind actin

55
Q

Name an A2 selective agonist.

A

Phenylephrine

56
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

Force produced and muscles shorten

57
Q

What do A-blockers do?

A

Lower blood pressure but have many side effects

58
Q

What is hyoscine used to treat?

A

Motion sickness

59
Q

What is atropine?

A

A muscarinc antagonist

60
Q

Name the neuroglia.

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells

61
Q

What surrounds a bundle of myofibres?

A

Perimysium

62
Q

Name an anticholinesterase which lasts minutes.

A

Edrophonium

63
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Surround all neurons in PNS

64
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Force produced but no shortening

65
Q

Name a B blocker.

A

Propanolol

66
Q

Is the detrusor innervated by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

67
Q

Are exocrine glands controlled by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic

68
Q

What is Ohm’s law?

A

Voltage = current x resistance V=IR

69
Q

What line marks the centre of a centromere?

A

The M line

70
Q

What connects bundles of actin in SM?

A

Dystrophin

71
Q

What is pyridostigmine used to treat?

A

Myasthenia gravis

72
Q

What does botox do?

A

Inhibits acetylcholine release causing long lasting muscle paralysis

73
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?

A

In the subarachoid space

74
Q

How long is a twitch in cardiac muscle?

75
Q

How do cardiac cells get Ca2+ for contraction?

A

From the SR and through L-type voltage gated channels via Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release

76
Q

Where are B2 non synaptic receptors found?

A

Airways, liver, uterus

77
Q

Name two anticholinesterases which lasts hours.

A

Pyridostigmine, neostigmine

78
Q

What is the length of a sacromere?

A

From Z disc to Z disc

79
Q

Name an A1 selective agonist.

80
Q

Is the metabolism controlled by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic

81
Q

What is the dark part of a striation?

A

The A band

82
Q

Where does the impulse travel from the beginning of excitation contraction coupling?

A

From neuromuscular junction to T tubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum

83
Q

What surrounds a muscle fascicle?

A

Perimysium

84
Q

Which band varies in length with muscle contraction?

A

The I band

85
Q

What do drugs that block presynaptic A2 receptors do?

A

Enhance sympathetic neurotransmission as negative feedback receptors here control neurotransmitter release

86
Q

What does suxamethonium do?

A

It is a nicotinic agonist that causes a depolarisation block as fibre is unable to repolarise.

87
Q

Name a A and B blocker.

88
Q

Name an B2 selective agonist.

89
Q

Is renin release controlled by the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic

90
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A

Braking action, muscles stretched by other muscles

91
Q

What does parcuronium do?

A

Blocks neuromuscular tranmission as it is a nicotinic antagonist

92
Q

Where does arachoid membrane end?

93
Q

What do indirect sympathomimetics do?

A

Cause NA to be released from storage vesicles

94
Q

What does the dorsal or posterior root of a spinal nerve contain?

A

Sensory fibres only