T5 Signal Transduction

Question 1

How long can an AP be in SM cells?

Answer 1

Seconds long

Question 2

What are pharmodynamics?

Answer 2

What the drug does the to body

Question 3

What are theraputics?

Answer 3

Medicinal use of drugs

Question 4

What is pharmacology?

Answer 4

The general science of drugs`

Question 5

What is Ek?

Answer 5

The equilibrium potential for potassium

Question 6

What causes the unequal distribution of charge across a cell membrane?

Answer 6

The different electrochemical and concentration gradients for ions crossing the cell membrane

Question 7

How does the dose response curve change in the presence of a non-competitive antagonist?

Answer 7

It will shift downwards

Question 8

What does inositol triphosphate do as a second messenger?

Answer 8

Opens Ca2+ on endoplasmic reticulum

Question 9

Where does primary active transport get energy from?

Answer 9

ATP

Question 10

Give an example of primary active transport.

Answer 10

Na+/K+ ATPase

Question 11

What provides the current across cell membranes?

Answer 11

The conductance of ion channels

Question 12

How long do phase I, II, III take?

Answer 12

10 years

Question 13

What type is a steroid hormone receptor?

Answer 13

Intracellular

Question 14

How permeable is the membrane to large uncharged polar molecules?

Answer 14

To a small degree

Question 15

What does thrombin activate when it binds to the g-protein coupled receptor?

Answer 15

Phospholipase C

Question 16

What type is the insulin receptor?

Answer 16

Tyrosine kinase

Question 17

What will blocking voltage gated Na+ channels do?

Answer 17

Blocks propagation of AP

Question 18

What will a graph of receptors occupied vs drug concentration look like?

Answer 18

Rectangular hyperbolic

Question 19

How long will it take an impulse to travel a unmyelinated neuron with a small diameter?

Answer 19

0.5-2.5 m/s

Question 20

What is threshold for voltage gated Na+ channels?

Answer 20

-60 mV

Question 21

How much more permeable to K+ is the membrane than Na+ at rest?

Answer 21

100 x

Question 22

Where does secondary active transport get its energy from?

Answer 22

Movement of a molecule down its electrochemical gradient

Question 23

What do heterotrimeic G proteins do when activated?

Answer 23

The A-subunit dissociates from the B-Y subunit

Question 24

What happens to the activation gate at maximum depolarisation of voltage gated Na+ channels?

Answer 24

It closes

Question 25

How many times do G-protein coupled receptors cross the cell membrane?

Answer 25

7 times

Question 26

Name a receptor which is catalytic.

Answer 26

Tyrosine kinase

Question 27

How many subunits do nicotinic receptors have?

Answer 27

5

Question 28

How long does an AP in a nerve last?

Answer 28

5 ms

Question 29

What activates Ca2+ dependant protein kinase?

Answer 29

Ca2+

Question 30

How long will it take an impulse to travel a myelinated neuron with a large diameter?

Answer 30

60-100 m/s

Question 31

What is a physiological antagonist?

Answer 31

A drug which acts to produce an opposing effect on another by activating a different receptor

Question 32

What happens in phase III?

Answer 32

Randomised drug trials

Question 33

What is toxiciology?

Answer 33

Action of posions

Question 34

What will a graph of receptors occupied vs log of drug concentration look like?

Answer 34

Symmetrical sigmoid

Question 35

How can we work out the affinity of the antagonist?

Answer 35

-log of (the concentration of antagonist that necessitates | you double the agonist concentration to produce the same response, i.e. dose ratio= 2)

Question 36

Which channels close in repolarisation?

Answer 36

Voltage gated Na+ channels

Question 37

What causes the absolute refractory period?

Answer 37

The closed inactivation gates of voltage gated Na+ channels

Question 38

What type is a nicotinic receptor?

Answer 38

Ion channel

Question 39

What is membrane potential when all Na+ and K+ channels are open?

Answer 39

+50 mV

Question 40

How are tyrosine kinase receptors activated?

Answer 40

Autophosphorylation

Question 41

What does phosphodiesterase inhibit?

Answer 41

cAMP

Question 42

What does the G protein activate when it binds to a B-adrenergic receptor?

Answer 42

Stimulates cAMP production

Question 43

When are G-proteins active?

Answer 43

When bound to GTP

Question 44

How permeable is the membrane to small uncharged polar molecules?

Answer 44

Very permeable

Question 45

What are pharmokinetics?

Answer 45

What the body does to the drug

Question 46

What does vasopressin activate when it binds to the g-protein coupled receptor?

Answer 46

Phospholipase C

Question 47

Where are GLUT1 receptors found?

Answer 47

Ubiquitous, in most cells incl. blood brain barrier

Question 48

What is KD?

Answer 48

The drug concentration at which half the receptors are occupied

Question 49

How permeable is the membrane to hydrophobic molecules?

Answer 49

Very permeable

Question 50

What will the dose response curve of a partial agonist look like compared to a full agonist?

Answer 50

Lower and to the right

Question 51

Where are GLUT4 receptors found?

Answer 51

Muscle, adipocytes. Insulin dependant.

Question 52

How is NO produced from arginine?

Answer 52

Via NO synthase

Question 53

What is a chemical antagonist?

Answer 53

A drug which inactivates the agonist

Question 54

Where are GLUT2 receptors found?

Answer 54

Liver, pancreatic B cells

Question 55

What does resting membrane potential usually equal?

Answer 55

Ek = -70mV

Question 56

What is a chemical assay?

Answer 56

The first stage of drug development

Question 57

What does glucagon inhibit when it binds to the g-protein coupled receptor?

Answer 57

cAMP production

Question 58

How can we work out the potency of a drug?

Answer 58

Using EC50, the [drug] producing 50% of maximum response

Question 59

What does the G protein activate when it binds to a muscarinic receptor?

Answer 59

Phospholipase C

Question 60

What causes phosphorylation of serine residues?

Answer 60

Protein kinase A

Question 61

How permeable is the membrane to charged polar molecules?

Answer 61

Impermeable

Question 62

Where does insulin bind on the tyrosine kinase?

Answer 62

To the a-subunit

Question 63

What is pharmacy?

Answer 63

Handling and formation of drugs

Question 64

Which proteins associate with the ligand receptor?

Answer 64

Adaptor proteins

Question 65

Which gates open when voltage gated Na+ channels depolarise to threshold?

Answer 65

The activation gate

Question 66

What mediates insulins mitogenic pathways?

Answer 66

Ras

Question 67

Where are sodium electrical and chemical forces flowing at rest?

Answer 67

Inwards

Question 68

What kind of signalling do cytokines use?

Answer 68

Paracrine

Question 69

What is the efficacy of a competitive antagonist?

Answer 69

0

Question 70

How does the dose response curve change in the presence of a irreversible antagonist?

Answer 70

It will shift right and down

Question 71

What is protein kinase C activated by?

Answer 71

DAG

Question 72

What is a pharmokinetic antagonist?

Answer 72

It alters the body's handling of the agonist

Question 73

Where is the AP in motor neurons usually initiated?

Answer 73

At the axon hillock

Question 74

Where are GLUT3 receptors found?

Answer 74

Neurons

Question 75

How long will it take an impulse to travel a myelinated neuron with a small diameter?

Answer 75

2-15 m/s

Question 76

What type is a B-adrenergic receptor?

Answer 76

G protein coupled

Question 77

What type is a cannaboid receptor?

Answer 77

G protein coupled

Question 78

What mediates the metabolic effects of insulin?

Answer 78

Akt

Question 79

What is orthodromic propagation?

Answer 79

In normal physiological direction

Question 80

What type is a muscarinic receptor?

Answer 80

G protein coupled

Question 81

What activates guanylate cyclase?

Answer 81

NO

Question 82

What is the dose ratio?

Answer 82

The ratio the of the concentration of the agonist that produces the same response in the presence of the antagonist and without the antagonist

Question 83

Where is the tyrosine kinase domain of the tyrosine kinase receptor located?

Answer 83

Extracellularly

Question 84

Are ligand gated channels inotropic or chronotropic?

Answer 84

Inotropic

Question 85

How does the dose response curve change in the presence of a competitive antagonist?

Answer 85

It will shift to the right