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MBBS1 Themes > T3 Tissues and Body Systems > Flashcards

T3 Tissues and Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the proteins of desosomes?

A

Desmoglein and desmocollin

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2
Q

What stimulates and inhibits oestoclast activity?

A

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin respectively

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3
Q

Which gland releases secretions by whole cell release?

A

Holocrine, sebaceous glands of skin

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4
Q

What is in the middle of the diaphysis?

A

Bone marrow

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5
Q

What is the concentration of plasma K+?

A

4 mmol

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6
Q

What happens in the zone of resting cartilage?

A

This zone contains normal, resting hyaline cartilage.

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7
Q

What is a collagen fibril formed of?

A

A repeated pattern of tropocollagen with cross links

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8
Q

What are melanocytes derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

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9
Q

What is found in the stratum granalosum (granular cell layer)?

A

Keratinocyte granules

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10
Q

Zone of calcification

A

In this zone, chondrocytes are either dying or dead, leaving cavities that will later become invaded by bone-forming cells.

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11
Q

What do serous membranes consist of?

A

Mesothelium

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12
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

A collagen disorder causing brittle bones which is more severe when the mutation is nearer the C terminal of the amino acid

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13
Q

What is a normal Hb count?

A

120g/L

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14
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

GAGs that bind to hyaluronan forming bottle brush structure

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15
Q

What is the concentration of intracellular Ca+?

A

100 nmol

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16
Q

Where is ciliated columner epithelium with goblet cells found?

A

Respiratory system

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17
Q

What is a normal WBC count?

A

5-10 X 10^9/L

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18
Q

Which connective tissue contains significant chondroitin sulphate?

A

Cartilage

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19
Q

What is the concentration of intracellular Ca+?

A

100 nmol

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20
Q

What is found in the stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer)?

A

Keratin accumulates around spot desosomes and Langerhan’s cells are found among keratinocytes. The permeability barrier forms.

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joint and where are they found?

A

Suture (e.g. skull bones)
Sydesmoses (interosseous, e.g. fibula to tibula)
Gomphoses (e.g. tooth to jaw)

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22
Q

What is an advantage of x-ray?

A

High spatial resolution

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23
Q

What is average mean blood pressure of systemic circulation?

A

92 mmHg

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24
Q

What are the 3 kinds of joint in the body and how are they different?

A

Fibrous- united by collagen
Cartilaginous- united by cartilage
Synovial- fluid filled

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25
Q

What do oestoblasts secrete?

A

Inorganic components of bone matrix

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26
Q

How are connective tissue cells linked to extra cellular matrix?

A

By intergrins and transmembrane proteins which link intracellular actin to extracellular collagen

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27
Q

What is found in the stratum corneum (cornified layer)?

A

Cells become squamous and die, and keratin becomes linked by disulphide

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28
Q

What is a normal RBC count?

A

4-55 x 10^12/L

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29
Q

Zone of ossification or degeneration

A

Osteoprogenitor cells invade the area and differentiate into osteoblasts, which elaborate matrix that becomes calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage. This is followed by resorption of the calcified cartilage/calcified bone complex.

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30
Q

What is the concentration of plasma Na+?

A

140 mmol

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31
Q

What is the concentration of intracellular Na+?

A

10 mmol

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32
Q

What kind of bone is formed in recovery from fracture?

A

Woven bone

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33
Q

What is the concentration of intracellular K+?

A

120 mmol

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34
Q

How long does it take a cell to travel from the basal layer to the cornified layer?

A

25/30 days

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35
Q

Which corpuscles convey light touch?

A

Meissener’s corpuscles

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36
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans?

A

Polymers of disaccharide subunits with sulphate and carboxylate side groups

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37
Q

Which transmembrane receptors do adhesion proteins bind to?

A

Intergins

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38
Q

What is a normal platelet count?

A

140-400 x 10^9/L

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39
Q

What is found in the stratum basale (basal cell layer)?

A

Keratinocyte stem cells

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40
Q

What is the concentration of intracellular Na+?

A

10 mmol

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41
Q

Which kind of bone has a microstructure of trabeculae?

A

Lamellar bone

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42
Q

What is a normal albumin count?

A

48g/L

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43
Q

Where is voluntary control of the body initiated?

A

Cerebral cortex only

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44
Q

What is instructive induction?

A

When cells respond differently to different concentrations of a signal

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45
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

Embryological soft tissue

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46
Q

What are the 3 types of sutures are what are they like?

A

Squamous (flat)
Serrated (wavy)
Denticulate (jagged, like teeth)

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47
Q

What is the concentration of intracellular K+?

A

120 mmol

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48
Q

How do the loose ends of tropocollegan affect what collagen type you have?

A

If they are trimmed it is collagen type I, if untrimmed it is collagen type IV

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49
Q

What is necessary for collagen cross linking and glycolysation?

A

Hydroxylysine

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50
Q

What do fibroblasts synthesise?

A

Extracellular matrix and collagen

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51
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

A layer of dense, irregular connective tissue surrounding the cartilage of developing bone

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52
Q

What do hemidesosomes do?

A

Anchor intermediate filaments to basal lamina

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53
Q

What is a symphsis?

A

A secondary cartilaginous joint

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54
Q

Which law describes flow in tubes?

A

Poiseullie’s law

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55
Q

Where are oestoclasts derived from?

A

Haemopoietic stem cells

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56
Q

What is the main organic element of bone?

A

Type I cartilage

57
Q

Which corpuscles convey heavy touch and vibrations?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

58
Q

What is hair papilla formed of?

A

Connective tissue cells

59
Q

Which collagen is non-fibrillar?

A

Collagen type VI

60
Q

How much more radiation does a whole body CT have than a single x-ray?

A

500x

61
Q

What is the difference between vellus and terminal hairs?

A

Vellus hairs are fine sparse hairs of body, terminal hairs are thick coarse hairs of the head

62
Q

What is the total body water volume in humans?

A

42 L

63
Q

Where does mature melanin reside?

A

In keratinocytes

64
Q

What unites fibrous joints?

A

Collegan

65
Q

What teratogen inhibits Sonic Hedgehog?

A

Cyclopamine

66
Q

What controls pressure in the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart

67
Q

What is the concentration of plasma Ca+?

A

2 mmol

68
Q

What do gap junctions allow passage of?

A

Small ions and molecules

69
Q

What always equalises osmolarity between body fluid compartments?

A

Water movement

70
Q

What are connoxens made of?

A

Hexamers of connextons

71
Q

What is the internal surface of bone called?

A

Endosteum

72
Q

What is the concentration of plasma Cl-?

A

110 mmol

73
Q

What is a tuberosity likely to be?

A

Where a tendon attaches to bone

74
Q

What is the intracellular space volume in humans?

A

28 L

75
Q

What is a trochlea?

A

An articular process shaped like a pulley

76
Q

Name the layers of skin in order from deep to superficial.

A

1) stratum basale 2) stratum spinosum 3) stratum granulosum 4) stratum lucidum 5) stratum corneum

77
Q

Where do indigenous cells of the ECM arise from?

A

Messenchymal stem cells

78
Q

Where are blood vessels present in the layers of the skin?

A

Superficial fascia and dermis

79
Q

Where is the amniotic sac?

A

Next to the epiblast

80
Q

What is the concentration of plasma albumin?

A

48g/L

81
Q

What is the interstitial space volume in humans?

A

10.5 L

82
Q

What do desosomes do?

A

Link intermediate filaments in neighbouring cells

83
Q

What is the concentration of plasma Na+?

A

140 mmol

84
Q

What is the channel diameter of a connoxen channel?

A

1.5 nm

85
Q

What is soft connective tissue formed of?

A

Extracellular matrix and supporting cells

86
Q

What is fluoroscopy?

A

Continous x-ray imaging

87
Q

Which cells of soft connective tissue are indegenous?

A

Fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells

88
Q

Where does the thoracic duct ultimately drain?

A

Into the subclavian vein

89
Q

What do adherens junctions do?

A

Join actin bundles in neighbouring cells

90
Q

What is a secondary cartilaginous joint and where are they found?

A

A symphsis, only partially movable e.g. between manubrium and body, between vertebral discs, pubic symphsis

91
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

Determination of shapes and tissues

92
Q

How is lysl hydroxide activated?

A

Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ using vitamin C

93
Q

Which canals connect Haversian systems?

A

Volkmann’s channels

94
Q

Where are oestoprogenitor cells derived from?

A

Mesenchyme

95
Q

What are the most important buffers in blood?

A

Carbonic acid, phosphoric acid and proteins such as haemoglobin

96
Q

What are the two proteins of tight junctions?

A

Claudin and occulin

97
Q

Which proteins link actin between different cells?

A

Catenins a & b, p120, cadhein dimers

98
Q

What is the dermis formed of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

99
Q

What happens in the zone of proliferation?

A

Chondrocytes form longitudinal columns

100
Q

Which gland releases secretions by exocytosis?

A

Merocrine

101
Q

What controls resistance in the cardiovascular system?

A

Capillaries

102
Q

Where are adheren’s junctions found?

A

At cell-cell junctions

103
Q

What is the axial skeleton formed of?

A

Bones derived from the axis of the body e.g. Ribs, skull, spine

104
Q

What are elastic fibres made of?

A

Elastin coated in microfibrils including fibrillin

105
Q

What are the zones of bone deposition? (In order from cartilage to mature bone)

A

1) Zone of resting cartilage 2) Zone of proliferation 3) Zone of hypertrophy and maturation 4)Zone of calcification 5)Zone of ossification or degeneration

106
Q

What is the diameter of an arteriole or venule?

A

20um

107
Q

What is the blastocyst formed from?

A

Tropoblast, inner cell mass and blastocystic cavity

108
Q

What is in the middle of the epiphysis?

A

Trabecular bone

109
Q

What is the blood volume in humans?

A

5.5 L

110
Q

Where are oestoblasts derived from?

A

Oestoprogenitor cells

111
Q

Which cells of soft connective tissue are immigrants?

A

WBCs

112
Q

What do a1 collegan chains have thta a2 lack?

A

Disulphide bridges and glycoproteins

113
Q

How much does atrial systole contribute to ventricular filling?

A

25%

114
Q

Where is reticular soft connective tissue found?

A

In marrow and lymph nodes

115
Q

When may a negative feedback system overshoot?

A

When there is a signal delay

116
Q

What is a primary cartilaginous joint and where are they found?

A

Synchondrosis, using hyaline cartilage, between long bones.

117
Q

What is the left foot in relation to the left knee?

A

Ipslateral and inferior

118
Q

What size of molecule can get through a connoxen channel?

A

1 kD

119
Q

What is a condyle?

A

A small rounded articular surface

120
Q

`What are Merkel cells involved in?

A

Sense perception

121
Q

How does ultrasound produce an image?

A

Reflection across tissues of different densities without using radition

122
Q

Describe how cartilage becomes bone.

A
  1. Perichondrium becomes speriosteum 2. Chondrocytes hypertrophy 3. Calcify matrix 4. Die
123
Q

What are canals between oestocytes called?

A

Canaliculi

124
Q

What is the concentration of plasma HCO3-?

A

24 mmol

125
Q

What do Langerhan’s cells do?

A

Macrophages of immune defence

126
Q

How long does it take for a cell to get from the basal layer to the skin?

A

25-30 days

127
Q

What are the three kinds of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis

128
Q

What is the embryo formed from?

A

Inner cell mass

129
Q

What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation?

A

pH= pKa + log( A-/HA)

130
Q

What is the concentration of plasma K+?

A

4mmol

131
Q

Which basic cartilage cells are precursors to bone?

A

Chondroblasts which once formed remain in situ as chrondocytes

132
Q

What is the appendicular skelton formed of?

A

Limbs, pelvis, scapula, clavicle

133
Q

What controls flow in the cardiovascular system?

A

Nothing

134
Q

What are the 5 rings of hair follicles from outside in?

A

Outer root sheath, inner root sheath, cuticle, cortex, medulla

135
Q

What gives microvilli shape?

A

Actin

136
Q

What happens in the zone of hypertrophy and maturation?

A

In this zone, the chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy.

137
Q

What is the extracellular space volume in humans?

A

14 L

138
Q

What is average mean blood pressure of pulmonary circulation?

A

16 mmHg

139
Q

What is the plasma volume in humans?

A

3.5 L

MBBS1 Themes (8 decks)

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