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MBBS1 Themes > Practice of Medicine > Flashcards

Practice of Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is meningitis an inflammation of?

A

Membranes covering CNS

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2
Q

How many women died from unsafe abortions in 2000?

A

80,000

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3
Q

How can health exist in the face of adversity?

A

If people are connected, understand and manage and make sense of circumstances

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4
Q

What causes red spots on the skin caused by meningitis?

A

Bleeding into the dermis

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5
Q

What is housing in terms of health?

A

A social determinant

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6
Q

What percentage of those with HIV reside in Sub-Saharan Africa?

A

70%

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7
Q

What does surveillance medicine focus on?

A

Identifying biopsychosocial risk factors for disease

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8
Q

How have rates of admissions and lengths of stay changed since the 1940s?

A

Admissions increased, lengths of stay decreased

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9
Q

Where in the hospital have hospital beds increased in the past 30 years?

A

In day surgery

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10
Q

What can challenge the boundaries of medical law?

A

Medical ethics

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11
Q

How can the data from qualitative studies be generalised?

A

By use of concepts

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12
Q

What is the most feared consequence of meningococcal septicaemia?

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

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13
Q

What is the nocebo effect?

A

Experiencing side effects to medically inert treatment

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14
Q

What gives rights based morality meaning?

A

The law

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15
Q

How many hospital beds does the UK have?

A

100,000-150,000

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16
Q

How many cervical vertebrae do most mammals have?

A

7

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17
Q

What is treating someone’s best interests?

A

Doing what they would have wanted if they had capacity to make the decision

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18
Q

What is the likelihood that the true mean will lie ±2 standard errors from the sample mean?

A

95%

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19
Q

Why are lengths of stay often shorter in the US than the UK?

A

More use of intermediate care services

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20
Q

What is the widest interpretation of good health?

A

Encompassing our total planet diversity

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21
Q

What can standard error be used to determine?

A

The likely population distribution

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22
Q

What do developmental psychologists do?

A

Work to understand problems with social and cognitive functioning in old age

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23
Q

What are medically unexplained symtpoms correlated with?

A

Psychiatric morbidity

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24
Q

What do cohort studies look at?

A

Used to prospectively investigate risk factors for a disease

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25
Q

What are cross-sectional studies used for?

A

Studying the prevalence of a disease

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26
Q

What does qualitative research look at?

A

How social reality is subjectively perceived

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27
Q

Where is health worst?

A

In countries with greater income inequality

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28
Q

What happens at phase 0 of drug trials?

A

Basic scientific discovery

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29
Q

What has happened to the number of hospital beds since 1985?

A

Halved

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30
Q

What are patients over 75 waiting for discharge from acute care waiting for?

A

Residential care

31
Q

What is ideal speech according to communication theory?

A

Where people are free to say whatever they want

32
Q

How many people report having no symptoms over a 2 week period?

A

2%

33
Q

Which genes cause ectopic ribs?

A

HOX genes

34
Q

How does the Lancet define good health?

A

Ability to adapt to ones enviroment

35
Q

What kind of questionnaire would be used to determine the prevalence of adherence to a new drug?

A

Postal questionnaires

36
Q

What is a total institution?

A

One where all needs of a large number of people are catered for over long periods of time

37
Q

What is an issue for focus groups?

A

Confidentiality issues

38
Q

What do fossil records reveal about our evolution?

A

That we evolved from quadrupets

39
Q

What was the overall effect of asylums on health?

A

Negative since patients had little opportunity for indvidual decision making or privacy

40
Q

Who first described the biopsychosocial model of illness and health and when?

A

George Engel in the 1970s

41
Q

What is a risk factor for cervical ribs?

A

Higher incidence of childhood tumors

42
Q

What is the burden of health measured using?

A

DALYs

43
Q

What is the utilitisation delay?

A

Time taken from deciding you need treatment until when you seek it

44
Q

What is the most common type of meningitis in the UK?

A

Meningitis C

45
Q

What is a deontological judgement?

A

Judgement of an act rather than its causes

46
Q

What is the waiting time for a non-urgent hospital appointment?

A

4 months

47
Q

What may affect the validity of case-control studies?

A

Recall bias

48
Q

What was the life expectancy in 1841?

A

40 years

49
Q

What does standard deviation measure?

A

The variation of the mean

50
Q

What is a criticism of community care?

A

Those who used to end up in asylums are ow ending up in prisons

51
Q

What do cognitive neuropsychologists do?

A

Work on assessment and rehabilitation of people with brain injury

52
Q

When are drugs implemented into practice?

A

At phase 4

53
Q

What is a criticism of the biopsychosocial model of illness?

A

Psychosocial interventions tend to have weak affects on health

54
Q

What % of people describe themselves as not in good health?

A

10%

55
Q

What is a Lihert scale?

A

Where the options refer to how much someone agrees or disagrees with something

56
Q

What is considered the biggest threat to health currently?

A

Climate change

57
Q

When do the first clinical trials of drugs occur?

A

Phase 2

58
Q

Why were asylums closed?

A

New policy of community care and integration into society

59
Q

What must the person obtaining consent for a procedure be?

A

Qualified to carry out that procedure whether or not they will actually carry it out

60
Q

After referral for suspected cancer how quickly should the patient be seen ideally?

A

Within 2 weeks

61
Q

How do WHO define health?

A

Ability to realise aspirations, satisfy needs, change and cope with the enviroment

62
Q

What do health psychologists do?

A

Studies cognitive health behaviours which cause health behaviours

63
Q

What is the Hawthorne affect?

A

Changes in behaviour due to the awareness of being measured

64
Q

What kind of group is most likely to be used in qualitative research?

A

A focus group

65
Q

What proportion of new presentations to general practice can be accounted for by medically unexplained symptoms?

A

20%

66
Q

How can we prevent the spread of meningitis?

A

Tracing those who have come into close contact with an infected person

67
Q

Where do the bones of middle ear arise from?

A

The bones of the jaw

68
Q

What is the average number of symptoms felt over 2 weeks?

A

4

69
Q

What is the equation for standard error?

A

Standard deviation divided by the square root of sample size

70
Q

How many medicines are available in the average household?

A

10

71
Q

What happens at phase 3 of drug trials?

A

Double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trials

72
Q

How would you calculate the standard error for a proportion?

A

Square root of: [(proportion with x proportion without) divided by sample size]

73
Q

What is intention-to-treat analysis?

A

All patients are included in the study regardless of what happens after that point

MBBS1 Themes (8 decks)

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