T3. Lymphatic System Flashcards
What are the functions of the lymphatic system
1) Fluid Balance
2) Fat absorption
3) Defense
How can fat travel through the circulatory system?
through lipoproteins
Lymph
Water plus solutes from plasma and cells
Plasma - ions, nutrients, gases and some proteins
Cells - hormones, enzymes, waste products
Lymphatic capillaries characteristics
- more permeable than blood capillaries
- epithelium functions as series of one-way valves
- found in all nervous system except bone marrow and tissue without blood vessels
Which lymphatic trunk drains the chest
Bronchomedialstinal trunk
Has valves that ensure one-way flow
Lymphatic vessels
Distributed along vessels and filter lymph
Lymph nodes
Drain tissues of the body and move lymph into major veins
Lymphatic ducts
Drains right side of head, right upper limb and right thorax
Right lymphatic duct
Drains remainder of the body
Thoracic duct
Join to form lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic capillaries
What is lymphatic tissue composed of
Lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
White blood cells derived from bone marrow, but may mature and reside elsewhere
Lymphocytes
Dispersed lymphocytes; macrophages ; blends with other tissues
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
Denser aggregations. Numerous in loose connective tissue of digestive
Lymphatic nodules
Where are peyers patches located in your small intestine?
In the ileum of the small intestine
What is malt
Respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems of lymphatic tissue
Groups of tonsils
Palatine (the tonsils) , pharyngeal (the adenoids) , and lingual
Functions of the spleen
- destroy red blood cells
- detects and responds to foreign substances
- limited reservoir for blood
Where do blood vessels enter and exit the spleen
At the hilum
Where are most T cells produced and mature at
The thymus
When does lymph enter the blood?
After it enters the thoracic and right lymphatic duct
What absorbs fat in the small intestine
Lacteals
What is chyle
Lymph containing fat
Where do pre-b and pre-t cells originate from?
Red bone marrow
B cells mature in marrow and are released into blood
Pre-t enter blood and go to thymus
Where to T cells mature at
The thymus
What is immunity
The ability to resist damage from foreign substances
Physical barriers, chemical mediators , and cells constitute which type of immunity
Innate or nonspecific
Specificity and memory constitute what type of immunity
Adaptive or specific
Examples of innate immunity
Skin, mucous membranes
Cilia in the respiratory tract, coughing and sneezing
2 major phagocytes of innate immunity
Neutrophils and macrophages
Which innate immunity cells are inflammatory cells that expel histamine
Basophils and mast cells
Which cells break down histamines and spray enzymes in a worm infection or parasites
Eosinophils
Which cells lyse tumors and infected viral cells. Able to recognizes classes of cells and not specific type
Natural killer cells
Rubor, tumor, dolor, and calor are symptoms sof what type of inflammatory response
Local
What type of inflammatory response causes fever, increased neutrophil numbers and increased vascular permeability
Systemic
What is the term for increased vascular permeability and increased blood flow
Chemotaxis
Type of adaptive b cells
Humoral or antibody-mediated
Describe the inflammatory response
Bacteria enters tissue, tissue damage occurs, chemical mediators are released, chemotaxis occurs, WBC numbers and chemical mediators increase at the site of damage where bacteria is contained destroyed and phagocytized
Types of adaptive immunity cells
Humoral or antibody mediated B CELLS
Cell-mediated T cells
What are two ways activation
_Of lymphocytes can occur
Antigenic receptors(t-cell receptors and b-cell receptors) OR major histocompatibility complex MHC
Specific regions of a given antigen recognized by a lymphocyte
Antigenic determinants
glycoproteins with a variable region that can bind to foreign and self antigens
MHC (Major histocompatibility complex)
Displays a flag that says kill me
MHC class 1
Displays a flag saying rally round the flag
MHC class 2
MHC class 1 processing vs MHC class 2 processing
MHC 1 occurs within the cell where the protein is broken down into fragments and goes through the rough Er where the MHC 1 molecule is paired with antigen complex and transported by golgi to outside of the cell where it displays foreign antigen or self antigen
MHC 2 is phagocytosis of a foreign antigen which is the broken down into processed foreign antigens and transported through the golgi where MHC 2 molecules combine with PFA where it travels to the membrane and is displayed as an antigen complex
In order for B or T cells to produce a respond there must be
Binding of MHC 2 antigen complex to T cells
Costimulation
Costimulation occurs by
Cytokines Surface molecules (B7 and CD28)
What makes B7
Macrophages
What makes CD28
Helper T cells
State of unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to a specific antigen
Tolerance
Antibody classes or Immunoglobins
IgG, igM, igA, igE, igD
GAMED
Part that combines with antigenic determinant of antigen
Variable region
Responsible for activities of antibodies
Constant region
Which ig class is most abundant
IgG
Which ig class is responsible for glands
IgA
Which ig class is least abundant
IgD
Which ig class provide immune protection to the fetus and newborn
IgG
Which ig class binds to mast cells and basophils
IgE
Which ig class is resposible for reactions in the ABO blood system
IgM
Action of antibodies
- inactivate antigens
- bind antigens together
- activate complement cascade
- initiate release of inflammatory chemicals
- facilitate phagocytosis
What are cytotoxic cells function
Lyse virus infected cells
Produce cytokines
Natural exposure to antigen
Active natural
Vaccination
Active artificial
Transfer of antibodies from a mother to her fetus or baby
Passive natural
Transfer of antibodies from an immune animal to a non immune one
Passive artificial
Antiserum
Antigen presenting cells
Dendrites
Macrophages
T cells
