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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Horomone

A

A chemical ligand or signal that travels a distance through the bloodstream in order to stimulate a response in target cells, tissues, or organs

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2
Q

4 Avenues of Cell Communication

A
  • Gap Junctions
  • Hormones
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Paracrines
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3
Q

Endocrine VS Nervous

A

Nervous

  • communicates with neurotransmitters
  • Localized effects
  • stops when stimuli stops
  • reacts within milliseconds

Endocrine

  • communicates with hormones
  • generalized widespread effect
  • lingers after stimuli stops
  • reacts slower to stimuli
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4
Q

Endocrine VS Exocrine

A

Endocrine

  • Ductless
  • secrete into bloodstream
  • intracellular effects
  • fenestrated capillaries

Exocrine

  • ducts
  • secrete out to epithelial surface
  • extracellular
  • no fenestrated capillaries
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5
Q

Steroid Hormones

A 
Estrogen
Testosterone 
Cortisol 
Aldosterone
Vitamin D
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6
Q

Non-steroid Hormones

A

Amines ( Norepinepherine , epinephrine )
Proteins (PTH, GH, PRL)
Peptides (ADH,OT,TRH,SS,GnRH)
Glycoproteins (FSH,LH,TSH)

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7
Q

Intracellular Chemical Signals that AREN’T hormones

A

Autocrines, Paracrines, Pheromones, Neurohormone, Nuerotransmitter or neuromodulator

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8
Q

TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

A

Released by: Hypothalamus

Effects: Promotes secretion of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) AND PRL (prolactin)

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9
Q

GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

A

Released by: Hypothalamus

Effects: promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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10
Q

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

A

Released by: Hypothalamus

Effects: Promotes secretion of adrenocoritcotropic hormone (ACTH)

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11
Q

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

A

Released by: Hypothalamus

Effects: promotes secreting of growth hormone (GH)

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12
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A

Released by: Posterior pituitary

Effects: labor contractions, milk release

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13
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Released by: Posterior pituitary

Effects: water retention

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14
Q

How is secretion rate regulated ?

A

1) action of a substance other than a hormone on an endocrine gland (insulin production)
2) Neural control of endocrine (epinephrine)
3) Control of secretory activity of one endocrine gland by hormone or neurohormone (TRH->TSH->T3 & T4->TRH)

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15
Q

What regulates anterior pituitary secretions?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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16
Q

What controls posterior pituitary secretions?

A

NEUROENDOCRINE REFLEXES

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17
Q

Melatonin

A

Released by: Pineal Gland

Effects: Circadian Rhythm Control

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18
Q

What protein stores large amounts of thyroid hormone and where?

A

-Thyrogloubin

In the thyroid gland

19
Q

What is the mineralcorticoid hormone

A

Aldosterone

20
Q

What are the cells between follicles and what do they secrete?>

A

Parafollicular cells ; calcitonin

21
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A
  • T3 (Triiodothyronine, 10%)
  • T4 (Tetraiodothyronine or Thyroxine, 90%)

Formed in the LUMEN

Follicles of thyroid contain thyroglobulin

22
Q

Parathyroid Glands are made up of what types of cells

A

OXYPHILS
CHIEF CELLS - secrete parathyroid or parathormone (PTH)

  • regulates Calcium levels
  • stimulates osteoclasts activity in bone

Target: Bone, Kidneys, and Intestines

23
Q

What hormone is essential for neuromuscular and cardiovascular function?

A

Parathormone , Parathyroid hormone , or PTH

24
Q

3 Layers of Adrenal Cortex

A
  • Zona glomuerulosa : (globs) small clusters of cells
  • Zona Fasciculata : thickest layer made of columns or fascicles
  • Zona Reticularis : deepest layer (net like)
25
Q

What are secretions of the adrenal medulla controlled by

A

SYMPATHETIC PREGANGLIONIC NERVE FIBERS

26
Q

Which cells release catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a trace of dopamine)

A

Chromaffin cells

27
Q

5 Most important corticosteroid subcategories and their function

A

Mineralocorticoids: Regulate electrolyte balance
(ALDOSTERONE)
(Salt)
Glucocorticoids: regulate metabolism of glucose and other organic fuels
(Sugar)
Androgens: (Sex) developmental and reproductive functions

28
Q

What is secreted by the zona glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone which is regulated by decreasing the blood pressure

29
Q

What is secreted by the zona fasciculata?

A

Glucocorticoids and androgens which are regulated by ACTH

CORTISOL

30
Q

What is secreted by the zona reticularis?

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

31
Q

Which organ functions as both endocrine and exocrine glands ?

A

Pancreas

32
Q

Which hormones are important in the regulation of circulating glucose?

A

Pancreatic Hormones

33
Q

What cells make up pancreatic islets?

A

Alpha (GLUCAGON), beta (INSULIN and AMYLIN), delta (SOMATOSTATIN)

34
Q

What are the functions of Glucagon

A 
Glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown into glucose) 
 and Gluconeogenesis  (synthesis of glucose from fats and proteins
35
Q

What hyperglycemic hormones increase glucose levels in the blood?

A 
Growth Hormone
Epinephrine 
Norepinephrine 
Cortisol
Corticosterone
36
Q

Insulin targets which tissues

A

Liver, adipose, muscle, and the safety center of the brain

37
Q

What is the function of AMYLIN

A

It controls your apetite

38
Q

What does the absence in insulin do to your body

A

Increases

  • hunger
  • urine volume (polyuria)
  • blood glucose levels
  • thirst (polydipsia)
39
Q

What does the placenta secrete

A

Estrogen and progesterone that regulate pregnancy

40
Q

What Endocrine function does your skin do

A

It converts chlolesterol like steroids into cholecalciferol (VITAMIN D PRECURSOR) using sunlight

41
Q

Endocrine functions of the liver

A

Converts cholecalciferol into calcidol (hormone that stimulates calcium reg)

Secretes angiotesinogen 
Secretes erythropoietin (RBC PRODUCTION)
42
Q

Which organs secrete erythropoeitin ?

A

Liver and Kidneys

43
Q

What do fat cells secrete

A

Leptin (regulates apetite)

Anatomy (6 decks)

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