Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MedSurg > T2: The Heart, Labs, Fluid & Electrolytes > Flashcards

T2: The Heart, Labs, Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Each heart beat pumps _____ mL of blood at a rate of:

A

60 mL at rate of 5L/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Amount of blood pumped per minute __________ with physical activity to meet __________

A

doubles
metabolic needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

membrane that surrounds the heart, holding it in place
protects the heart

A

pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Blood flow: deoxygenated blood (8)

A

Body
superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonic valvue
pulmonary arteries
lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Blood flow: oxygenated blood (8)

A

lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valvue
aorta
systemic arterial circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The ________ carry oxygen and nutrients away from your heart, to your body’s tissues

A

artieries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The _______ take oxygen-poor blood back to the heart

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

average pressure in a clients arteries during one cardiac cycle

A

MAP (mean arterial pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F: Systolic blood pressure is a better indicator of perfusion than MAP

A

False; MAP is a better indicator than Systolic BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Normal MAP range

A

Less than or equal to 60 mmHg
usually 70-100 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MAP formula

A

((diastolic x 2) + systolic) / 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Calculate the MAP:
BP: 100/60

A

((60 x 2)+100) / 3
(120+100) / 3
73.333

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mechanical properties of the heart

A

Cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle each minute

A

cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CO depends on the relationship between _____ and ____; it is the product of the two variables (____ x _____)

A

Heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Normal cardiac output range

A

2.8-4.2 L/min/m2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

number of times ventricles contract in a minute

A

heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each beat or V contraction

A

stroke voluem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

degree of myocardial fiber stretch at the end of diastole and just before contraction

A

preload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pressure or resistance that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood through the semilunar valves and into the peripheral blood vessels

A

afterload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

_____, _____, _____, and _____ all influence the SV and subsequently CO

A

HR
preload
afterload
contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Normal Range: Cholesterol

A

<200 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Normal range: Triglycerides

A

F: 35-135 mg/dL
M: 40-160 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Normal range: HDLs

A

F: >55 mg/dL
M: >45 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Normal range: LDLs

A

< 130 mg/ dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

HDL/LDL ratio

A

3:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Normal range: very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)

A

7-32 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Normal range: C-reactive protein (CPR)

A

<1.0 mg/ dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Normal Range: Troponin T and I

A

Troponin T: <0.1 ng/mL
Troponin I: <0.03 ng/mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

_______ is not found in healthy patients, so any increase indicates cardiac necrosis or acute MI

A

Troponin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

serum marker of inflammation and a common and critical component of the development of atherosclerosis

A

high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCPR)

32
Q

protein is not normally present in urine

A

Microalbumin

33
Q

Normal level: microalbumin

A

< 80 mcg/ 24 hrs

34
Q

measures how long blood takes to clot
reflecting the level of clotting factors and how well they were functioning

A

prothrombin time (PT)

35
Q

Normal prothrombin time

A

11-12.5 seconds

36
Q

measure the same process as the PT estimating a normal mean or standard for PT; calculated by dividing the patient’s PT by the established standard PT

A

International normalized ratio (INR)

37
Q

solutions that have an equal concentration of particulate as the intracellular space

A

isotonic solution

38
Q

isotonic solutions are given to ____ and given for __(8)____

A

-given to increase intravascular space
-given for:
Hemorrhage
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Fistulas wounds
GI suction
Shock
Metabolic acidosis
Administering blood products

39
Q

Types of isotonic solutions (3)

A

-0.9% Sodium Chloride (normal saline)
-Lactated Ringers (LR)
-Dextrose 5% in water (DSW)

40
Q

Solutions that have a lower concentration of particulates than the intracellular space

A

hypotonic solution

41
Q

Hypotonic solution is given to ___ and given for __(3)___

A

-Given to increase fluid inside cells
-given for:
Hypernatremia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

42
Q

Types of hypotonic solutions (3)

A

-0.225% sodium chloride (quarter NS)
-0.45% sodium chloride (half NS)
-DSW isotonic then becomes hypotonic

43
Q

Solutions have a higher concentration of particulate as the intracellular space

A

Hypertonic solution

44
Q

Hypertonic solution is given to ____ and given for ____(2)____

A

-Given to decrease fluid inside cells
-Given for:
Hypovolemia
Hyponatremia

45
Q

Types of hypertonic solutions

A

-Dextrose 10% in water (D10W)
-3% sodium chloride
-5% sodium chloride

46
Q

Electrolyte that is in charge of transmission of nerve impulses, maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms, and contraction of muscles

A

potassium

47
Q

Normal potassium level:

A

3.5-5 met/L

48
Q

low serum Potassium concentration

A

Hypokalemia

49
Q

S/s of hypokalemia (5)

A

-Bilateral muscle weakness that begins in the legs and can move up to respiratory muscles
-Abdominal distention
-Decreased bowel sounds
-Constipation
-Dysrhythmias

50
Q

high serum potassium concentration

A

hyperkalemia

51
Q

S/S of hyperkalemia (5)

A

-Bilateral muscle weakness in legs
-Transient abdominal cramps
-Diarrhea
-Dysrhythmias
-Cardiac arrest

52
Q

Electrolyte important for the transmission of nerve impulses, contraction of muscles, blood clotting, and hormone production

A

Calcium

53
Q

Normal Calcium values
Found ____% in bones

A

8.4 - 10.5 md/dL
99%

54
Q

Low serum calcium concentration

A

hypocalcemia

55
Q

Hypocalcemia s/s (9)

A

-Numbness and tingling of fingers, toes, and around the mouth
-Contraction of facial muscles when facial nerve is tapped
-Hyperactive reflexes
-Muscle twitching and cramping
-Carpal and Pedal spasms
-Tetany
-Seizures
-Laryngospasm
-Dysrhythmias

56
Q

high serum calcium concentration

A

hypercalcemia

57
Q

S/S of hypercalcemia (8)

A

-Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting
-Constipation
-Fatigue, lethargy
-Diminished reflexes
-Decreased level of consciousness
-Confusion
-Personality change
-Cardiac arrest

58
Q

Electrolyte responsible for enzymatic reactions, protein synthesis, nucleic acid stability, and neuromuscular excitability

A

magnesium

59
Q

Normal magnesium levels

A

1.5 - 2.5 mg/dL

60
Q

low serum magnesium concentration

A

Hypomagnesemia

61
Q

Hypomagnesemia s/s (10)

A

-Contraction of facial muscles when facial nerve is tapped
-Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
-Muscle cramps and twitching
-Grimacing, dysphagia
-Tetany
-Seizures
-Insomnia
-Tachycardia
-Hypertension
-Dysrhythmias

62
Q

high serum magnesium concentration

A

hypermagnesemia

63
Q

S/S of hypermagnesemia

A

-Lethargy
-Hypoactive deep tendon reflexes
-Bradycardia
-Hypertension
-Flushing, sensation of warmth
-Decreased rate and rhythm of respirations, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest

64
Q

Electrolyte regulates extracellular osmotic forces therefore it regulates water balance, transmission of nerve impulses and intracellular transportation

A

Sodum

65
Q

Normal sodium level

A

135-145 meq/ L

66
Q

Body fluids too dilate

A

hyponatremia

67
Q

S/S of hyponatremia (3)

A

-Decreased level of consciousness
-Seizures
-Headache

68
Q

Body fluids too concentrated

A

hypernatremia

69
Q

s/s of hypernatremia

A

-decreased level of consciousness
-thirst
-seizures

70
Q

Electrolyte that balances out other electrolytes like sodium; when sodium increases/decreases, so does:

A

chloride

71
Q

Normal chloride level

A

98-106 mmol/L

72
Q

low serum chloride concentration

A

Hypochloremia

73
Q

S/S of hypochloremia (7)

A

-Confusion
-Convulsion
-Weakness
-Nausea
-Muscle twitching (seizures)
-headache
-weight gain

74
Q

high serum Chloride concentration

A

hyperchloremia

75
Q

S/S of hyperchloremia (5)

A

-Muscle weakness, spasms, or twitches
-Irregular heart rate
-Confusion, difficulty concentrating, and personality changes
-Numbness or tingling
-Seizures and convulsions

MedSurg (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions