T2: The Heart, Labs, Fluid & Electrolytes Flashcards
Each heart beat pumps _____ mL of blood at a rate of:
60 mL at rate of 5L/min
Amount of blood pumped per minute __________ with physical activity to meet __________
doubles
metabolic needs
membrane that surrounds the heart, holding it in place
protects the heart
pericardium
Blood flow: deoxygenated blood (8)
Body
superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonic valvue
pulmonary arteries
lungs
Blood flow: oxygenated blood (8)
lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valvue
aorta
systemic arterial circulation
The ________ carry oxygen and nutrients away from your heart, to your body’s tissues
artieries
The _______ take oxygen-poor blood back to the heart
veins
average pressure in a clients arteries during one cardiac cycle
MAP (mean arterial pressure)
T/F: Systolic blood pressure is a better indicator of perfusion than MAP
False; MAP is a better indicator than Systolic BP
Normal MAP range
Less than or equal to 60 mmHg
usually 70-100 mmHg
MAP formula
((diastolic x 2) + systolic) / 3
Calculate the MAP:
BP: 100/60
((60 x 2)+100) / 3
(120+100) / 3
73.333
Mechanical properties of the heart
Cardiac output
amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle each minute
cardiac output
CO depends on the relationship between _____ and ____; it is the product of the two variables (____ x _____)
Heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)
Normal cardiac output range
2.8-4.2 L/min/m2
number of times ventricles contract in a minute
heart rate
amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each beat or V contraction
stroke voluem
degree of myocardial fiber stretch at the end of diastole and just before contraction
preload
pressure or resistance that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood through the semilunar valves and into the peripheral blood vessels
afterload
_____, _____, _____, and _____ all influence the SV and subsequently CO
HR
preload
afterload
contractility
Normal Range: Cholesterol
<200 mg/dL
Normal range: Triglycerides
F: 35-135 mg/dL
M: 40-160 mg/dL
Normal range: HDLs
F: >55 mg/dL
M: >45 mg/dL
Normal range: LDLs
< 130 mg/ dL
HDL/LDL ratio
3:1
Normal range: very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
7-32 mg/dL
Normal range: C-reactive protein (CPR)
<1.0 mg/ dL
Normal Range: Troponin T and I
Troponin T: <0.1 ng/mL
Troponin I: <0.03 ng/mL
_______ is not found in healthy patients, so any increase indicates cardiac necrosis or acute MI
Troponin
serum marker of inflammation and a common and critical component of the development of atherosclerosis
high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCPR)
protein is not normally present in urine
Microalbumin
Normal level: microalbumin
< 80 mcg/ 24 hrs
measures how long blood takes to clot
reflecting the level of clotting factors and how well they were functioning
prothrombin time (PT)
Normal prothrombin time
11-12.5 seconds
measure the same process as the PT estimating a normal mean or standard for PT; calculated by dividing the patient’s PT by the established standard PT
International normalized ratio (INR)
solutions that have an equal concentration of particulate as the intracellular space
isotonic solution
isotonic solutions are given to ____ and given for __(8)____
-given to increase intravascular space
-given for:
Hemorrhage
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Fistulas wounds
GI suction
Shock
Metabolic acidosis
Administering blood products
Types of isotonic solutions (3)
-0.9% Sodium Chloride (normal saline)
-Lactated Ringers (LR)
-Dextrose 5% in water (DSW)
Solutions that have a lower concentration of particulates than the intracellular space
hypotonic solution
Hypotonic solution is given to ___ and given for __(3)___
-Given to increase fluid inside cells
-given for:
Hypernatremia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
Types of hypotonic solutions (3)
-0.225% sodium chloride (quarter NS)
-0.45% sodium chloride (half NS)
-DSW isotonic then becomes hypotonic
Solutions have a higher concentration of particulate as the intracellular space
Hypertonic solution
Hypertonic solution is given to ____ and given for ____(2)____
-Given to decrease fluid inside cells
-Given for:
Hypovolemia
Hyponatremia
Types of hypertonic solutions
-Dextrose 10% in water (D10W)
-3% sodium chloride
-5% sodium chloride
Electrolyte that is in charge of transmission of nerve impulses, maintenance of normal cardiac rhythms, and contraction of muscles
potassium
Normal potassium level:
3.5-5 met/L
low serum Potassium concentration
Hypokalemia
S/s of hypokalemia (5)
-Bilateral muscle weakness that begins in the legs and can move up to respiratory muscles
-Abdominal distention
-Decreased bowel sounds
-Constipation
-Dysrhythmias
high serum potassium concentration
hyperkalemia
S/S of hyperkalemia (5)
-Bilateral muscle weakness in legs
-Transient abdominal cramps
-Diarrhea
-Dysrhythmias
-Cardiac arrest
Electrolyte important for the transmission of nerve impulses, contraction of muscles, blood clotting, and hormone production
Calcium
Normal Calcium values
Found ____% in bones
8.4 - 10.5 md/dL
99%
Low serum calcium concentration
hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia s/s (9)
-Numbness and tingling of fingers, toes, and around the mouth
-Contraction of facial muscles when facial nerve is tapped
-Hyperactive reflexes
-Muscle twitching and cramping
-Carpal and Pedal spasms
-Tetany
-Seizures
-Laryngospasm
-Dysrhythmias
high serum calcium concentration
hypercalcemia
S/S of hypercalcemia (8)
-Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting
-Constipation
-Fatigue, lethargy
-Diminished reflexes
-Decreased level of consciousness
-Confusion
-Personality change
-Cardiac arrest
Electrolyte responsible for enzymatic reactions, protein synthesis, nucleic acid stability, and neuromuscular excitability
magnesium
Normal magnesium levels
1.5 - 2.5 mg/dL
low serum magnesium concentration
Hypomagnesemia
Hypomagnesemia s/s (10)
-Contraction of facial muscles when facial nerve is tapped
-Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
-Muscle cramps and twitching
-Grimacing, dysphagia
-Tetany
-Seizures
-Insomnia
-Tachycardia
-Hypertension
-Dysrhythmias
high serum magnesium concentration
hypermagnesemia
S/S of hypermagnesemia
-Lethargy
-Hypoactive deep tendon reflexes
-Bradycardia
-Hypertension
-Flushing, sensation of warmth
-Decreased rate and rhythm of respirations, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest
Electrolyte regulates extracellular osmotic forces therefore it regulates water balance, transmission of nerve impulses and intracellular transportation
Sodum
Normal sodium level
135-145 meq/ L
Body fluids too dilate
hyponatremia
S/S of hyponatremia (3)
-Decreased level of consciousness
-Seizures
-Headache
Body fluids too concentrated
hypernatremia
s/s of hypernatremia
-decreased level of consciousness
-thirst
-seizures
Electrolyte that balances out other electrolytes like sodium; when sodium increases/decreases, so does:
chloride
Normal chloride level
98-106 mmol/L
low serum chloride concentration
Hypochloremia
S/S of hypochloremia (7)
-Confusion
-Convulsion
-Weakness
-Nausea
-Muscle twitching (seizures)
-headache
-weight gain
high serum Chloride concentration
hyperchloremia
S/S of hyperchloremia (5)
-Muscle weakness, spasms, or twitches
-Irregular heart rate
-Confusion, difficulty concentrating, and personality changes
-Numbness or tingling
-Seizures and convulsions
