T1-Ch 28: Infectious Respiratory problems Flashcards
Highly contagious acute viral respiratory infection
influenza
Most influenza patients are treated at _________
home; pts who develop complications are hospitalized
Patients at risk for influenza complications are: (3)
-older adults
-those with HF or chronic lung disorders
-immunocompromised
S/s of influenza include rapid onset of: (6)
-severe headache
-muscle aches
-fever
-chills
-fatigue
-weakness
Adults with influenza are contagious _____ hours before symptoms occur and up to ____ days following onset
24 hours
5 days
Influenza _____ can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
B
Antiviral medications are available to __________ of influenza and pts receive the best results if taken within ________ hours of symptom onset
reduce symptoms
24-28 hours
T/F: all patients with pneumonia have excess fluid in lungs
True; inflammatory process
collection of pus in the pleural cavity
empyema
an abnormal solidification with lack of air spaces
consolidation
S/S of pneumonia include: (7)
-increased RR
-dyspnea
-hypoxemia
-cough
-purulent/blood-tinged/rusty sputum
-fever
-pleuritic chest discomfort
Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia (6)
-Older adults
-No pneumococcal vaccination within the last 5 years
-No influenza vaccination within one year
-Recent exposure to respiratory viral or influenza infection
-Tobacco or alcohol use
-Exposure to high amounts of secondhand smoke
Risk factors for health-care acquired pneumonia (10)
-Older adults
-Chronic lung disease
-Presence of gram-negative colonization of the mouth, throat, and stomach
-Altered level of consciousness
-Recent aspiration event
-Presence of endotracheal, tracheostomy, or nasogastric tube
-Poor nutritional status
-Reduced immunity
-Use of drugs that increase gastric pH or alkaline tube feedings
-Mechanical ventialtion
pneumonia contracted outside a health care setting
community acquired pneumonia
Onset/diagnosis of pneumonia occurring less than 48 hrs after admission based on risk factors
OR
Patient is living in a facility/has been receiving care from outpatient facility
Health-Care Associated pneumonia
onset/diagnosis of pneumonia greater than 48 hrs after admission to a hospital
hospital acquired pneumonia
onset/diagnosis of pneumonia within 48-72 hrs after endotracheal intubation
ventilator associated pneumonia
community-acquired pneumonia management (2)
-antibiotics based on multiple patient and environmental factors
-therapy lasting min of 5 days
Health-Care Associated pneumonia management (2)
-may have multi drug-resistant organisms
-hand hygiene is critical
hospital acquired pneumonia management (2)
-encourage pulmonary hygiene and early ambulation
-assess risk for aspiration and monitor for early signs of sepsis
ventilator associated pneumonia management (7)
Ventilator bundle order set
-Elevate HOB 30 degrees
-Daily sedation
-DVT prophylaxis
-Oral care regimen
-Stress ulcer prophylaxis
-Suctioning
-Hand hygiene
highly communicable disease caused by infection with mycobacterium
Tuberculosis
Initial TB infection is seen more often in the _____ lobes
upper
TB patients can by asymptomatic of ______
years or decades
___________ is a reactivation of the disease in a previously infected person
secondary TB
Secondary TB is more common in:
older adults
Greatest risk for development of TB: (7)
-Those in constant, frequent contact with an untreated infected person
-Those who have reduced immunity or HIV disease
-Adults who live in crowded areas (long term care, prisons, homeless shelters, mental health facilities)
-Older homeless adults
-Users of injection drugs or alcohol
-Lower socioeconomic groups
-Foreign immigrants from less affluent countries
TB cues (8)
-persistent cough
-unintended weight loss
-anorexia
-night sweats
-hemoptysis
-SOB
-fever
-chills
TB Vaccination
Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG)
anyone who has received a BCG vaccination will show a positive TB skin test for _____ years following
10 years
TB treatment
-Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol for first 8 weeks
-Rifampin and Isoniazid daily or twice a week for following 18 weeks
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of one or more of the sinuses, usually seen with rhinitis, especially the common cold
Rhinosinusitis
rhinitis
stuffy nose
Anything that inhibits sinus drainage can lead to rhino sinusitis, including: (7)
-deviated nasal septum
-nasal polyps or tumors
-inhaled air pollutants
-cocaine
-allergies
-facial trauma
-dental infections
Rhinosinusitis is most commonly caused by _______ and develops in the ____ and ____ sinuses
-viral infection
-maxillary and frontal sinuses
Complications of Rhinosinusitis include: (3)
-cellulitis
-abscess
-meningitis
S/s of rhinosinusitis: (10)
-pain in cheeks/head
-purulent nasal drainage
-postnasal drip
-sore throat
-fever
-erythema
-swelling
-fatigue
-dental pain
-ear pressure
drug therapy for rhinosinusitis include: (4)
-decongestants
-antihistamines
-intranasal steroid spray
-antipyretics and analgesics may be supplemented
Steps for incentive spirometry use (6)
- Have patient sit up if possible
- Exhale fully and place the mouthpiece in his or her mouth
- Take a long, slow, deep breath, raining the piston as high as possible
- Hold breath for 2-4 seconds before slowly exhaling
- Evaluate the technique and record the volume of air inspired
- Teach the patient to perform 5-10 breaths per session every hour while awake
