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nsg 440 > T2: Health Promotion & Disease Prevention > Flashcards

T2: Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

ethics

A

Branch of philosophy that includes both body of knowledge about the moral life and process of reflection for determining what persons ought to do or be, regarding this life.

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2
Q

ethical decision-making

A

making decisions in an orderly process that considers ethical principles, client values, and professional obligations; must address ethnic diversity and growing multiculturalism in American society.

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3
Q

ethical issues

A

moral challenges facing our profession (e.g., how to prepare an adequate and competent workforce).

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4
Q

ethical dilemmas

A

puzzling moral problems in which a person, group, or community can envision morally justified reasons for both taking and not taking a certain course of action (e.g., how to allocate limited resources to two equally needy populations).

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5
Q

utilitarianism

A

An ethical theory that is based on weighing of morally significant outcomes or consequences regarding the overall maximizing of good and minimizing of harm for the greatest number of people.

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6
Q

beneficence

A

Beneficence refers to the ethical obligation to act for the benefit of others, promoting their well-being and taking positive steps to prevent and remove harm.
A nurse provides pain relief medication to a patient suffering from severe pain, ensuring the patient’s comfort and well-being.

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7
Q

distributive justice

A

fair distribution of the benefits and burdens in society based on the needs and contributions of its members. This principle requires that consistent with dignity and worth of its members and within the limits imposed by its resources, a society must determine a minimum level of goods and services be available to its members

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8
Q

egalitarian

A

this view advocates that everyone is entitled to equal rights and equal treatment in society

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9
Q

libertarian

A

emphasizing individual autonomy, minimizing government intervention, and advocating for personal responsibility in healthcare

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10
Q

liberal democratic

A

this view values both liberty and equality.

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11
Q

nonmaleficence

A

Nonmaleficence refers to the ethical obligation to avoid causing harm to others. It emphasizes the importance of not inflicting harm, either intentionally or unintentionally.
A surgeon decides not to perform a high-risk surgery on a frail elderly patient because the potential harm outweighs the benefits.

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12
Q

deontology

A

Adhering to moral rules or duty rather than the consequences of actions.

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13
Q

respect for autonomy

A

based on human dignity and respect for individuals, autonomy requires that individuals be permitted to choose those actions and goals that fulfill their life plans unless those choices result in harm to another

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14
Q

veracity

A

truthfulness, accuracy

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15
Q

consequentialism

A

decisions are based on outcomes or consequences

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16
Q

justice

A

distribution of benefits and burdens in society be fair

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17
Q

virtues

A

acquired, excellent traits of character that dispose humans to act in accord with their natural good

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18
Q

ANA nursing code of ethics

A

contains nine provisional statement that address the moral standards that delineate nursing’s values, goals and obligations

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19
Q

public health code for ethics

A
  • Preventing harm
  • Doing no harm
  • Promoting good
  • Respecting both individual and community rights
  • Respecting autonomy, diversity, and confidentiality when possible
  • Ensuring professional competency
  • Trustworthiness
  • Promoting advocacy for disenfranchised persons within a community
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20
Q

legal immigrant

A

not a citizen but allowed to both live and work in the United States also known as LAWFUL PERMANENT RESIDENTS

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21
Q

refugee

A

admitted outside the usual quota restrictions based on fear of persecution due to their race, religion, nationality, social group, or political views

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22
Q

nonimmigrant

A

admitted to the United States for a limited duration and specific purpose (i.e., students, tourists)

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23
Q

unauthorized immigrant

A

may have crossed the border illegally or legal permission expired; eligible only for emergency medical services

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24
Q

factors to consider for providing health care for immigrants

A
  • Financial constraints (uninsured)
  • Language barriers
  • Differences in social, religious, and cultural backgrounds between the immigrant and the health care provider
  • Providers’ lack of knowledge about high-risk diseases in the specific immigrant groups for whom they care
  • Traditional healing or folk health care practices that may be unfamiliar to their US health care providers
  • When working with immigrant populations, consider how your own background, beliefs, and knowledge may be significantly different from those of the people receiving care.
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25
Q

culture

A

a set of beliefs, values, and assumptions about life that are widely held among a group of people and that are transmitted across generations

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26
Q

race

A

a biological designation whereby group members share features (skin color, bone structure, genetic traits, such as blood groupings)

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27
Q

Ethnicity

A

shares feelings of peoplehood among a group of individuals

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28
Q

cultural diversity

A

refers to the degree of variation that is represented among populations based on lifestyle, ethnicity, race interest across place and place of origin across time

29
Q

stereotyping

A

attributing certain beliefs and behaviors about a group to an individual without giving adequate attention to individual differences

30
Q

prejudice

A

refers to having a deeply held reaction, often negative, about another group or person

31
Q

racism

A

a form of prejudice and refers to the belief that persons who are born into a particular group are inferior, for example, in intelligence, morals, beauty, or self-worth

32
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

a type of cultural prejudice at the population level, is the belief that one’s own group determines the standards for behavior by which all other groups are to be judged

33
Q

cultural blindness

A

the tendency to ignore all differences among cultures, to act as though these differences do not exist, and as a result, to treat all people the same (when in truth, each person is an individual with unique needs)

34
Q

cultural imposition

A

belief in one’s own superiority, or ethnocentrism, and the act of imposing one’s values on others

35
Q

cultural conflict

A

a perceived threat that may arise from a misunderstanding of expectations between clients and nurses when either group is not aware of cultural differences

36
Q

cultural shock

A

the feeling of helplessness, discomfort, and disorientation experienced by an individual attempting to understand or effectively adapt to another cultural group that differs in practices, values, and beliefs

37
Q

education

A

an activity designed to help people change their knowledge, attitudes, and skills about a specific topic

38
Q

learning

A

emphasizes the recipient of knowledge and skills and the person(s) in whom a change is expected to occur

39
Q

cognitive domain

A

includes memory, recognition, understanding, reasoning, application and problem solving and is divided into a hierarchical classification of behaviors

40
Q

affective domain

A

includes changes in attitudes and the development of values

41
Q

psychomotor domain

A

included the performance of skills that require some degree of neuromuscular coordination and emphasizes motor skills

42
Q

Learners accept information based on a range of factors including:

A

What they already know, what they believe, the culture in which they were raised, their generational experiences related to learning, how well they can understand and relate to information that they receive

43
Q

pedagogy

A

learning strategies for children and individuals with little knowledge about a health-related topic

44
Q

Andragogy

A

learning strategies for adults, older adults, and individuals with come health-related knowledge about a topic

45
Q

health belief model

A

Addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors

46
Q

Transtheoretical Model

A

Model of behavior change that identifies six distinct stages people go through in altering behavior patterns; also called the stages of change model

47
Q

Precaution Adoption Process Model

A

Explains how a person comes to the decision to take action, and how the decision is translated into action

48
Q

precontemplation stage

A

in which the person does not plan to change; this may be because the person does not know there is a problem or does not want to do anything about it

49
Q

contemplation stage

A

in which the person begins thinking about making a change in the future and examines the pros and cons of doing so

50
Q

preparation stage

A

in which the person intends to do something

51
Q

action stage

A

people are actively changing a negative behavior or adopting a new, healthy behavior

52
Q

maintenance stage

A

sustained change over time; begins 6 months after action has started and continues indefinitely

53
Q

termination stage

A

ending the change process

54
Q

family health

A

a condition including the promotion and maintenance of physical, mental, spiritual, and social health for the family unit and for individual family members

55
Q

health risks

A

the factors that determine or influence whether disease or other unhealthy results occur

56
Q

risk factors include

A

genetics, age, biological characteristics, personal health habits, lifestyle, environment

57
Q

health risk appraisal

A

process of identifying and analyzing an individual’s prognostic characteristics of health and comparing then with those of a standard age-group, thereby providing a prediction of a person’s likelihood of prematurely developing the health problems that have high morbidity and mortality in this country

58
Q

health risk reduction

A

application of selected interventions to control or reduce risk factors and minimize the incidence of associated disease and premature mortality; risk reduction is reflected in greater congruity between appraised and achievable ages

59
Q

life event risk

A

age-related risks to a person’s health that often occur during transitions from one developmental stage to another

60
Q

family crisis

A

a situation whereby the demands of the situation exceed the resources and coping capacity of the family.

61
Q

home health: initiation phase

A
  • Clarify the purpose for the home visit
  • Share information on the reason and purpose of the home visit with. The family
62
Q

home health: previsit phase

A
  • Initiate contact with the family
  • Established a sheared perception of purpose with the family
  • Determine the family’s willingness for a home visit
  • Schedule a home visit
  • Review the referral and /or family record
63
Q

home health: in-home phase

A
  • Introduce self and professional identity
  • Interact socially to establish rapport
  • Establish the nurse-client relationship
  • Implement the nursing process
64
Q

home health: termination phase

A
  • Review the visit with the family
  • Plan for future visit
65
Q

home health: post visit phase

A
  • Record the visit (DOCUMENTATION!!)
  • Plan for the next visit
66
Q

contracting with families

A

making an agreement between two or more parties, involves a shift in responsibility and control toward a shared effort by the client and professional opposed to an effort by the professional alone.

67
Q

contracting with families: beginning process

A
  • Mutual data collection and exploration of needs and problems
  • Mutual establishment of goals
  • Mutual development of a plan
68
Q

contracting with families: working process

A
  • Mutual division of responsibilities
  • Mutual setting of time limits
  • Mutual implementation of a plan
  • Mutual evaluation and renegotiation
69
Q

contracting with families: termination process

A
  • Mutual termination of a contract

nsg 440 (7 decks)

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