T2: Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Flashcards
ethics
Branch of philosophy that includes both body of knowledge about the moral life and process of reflection for determining what persons ought to do or be, regarding this life.
ethical decision-making
making decisions in an orderly process that considers ethical principles, client values, and professional obligations; must address ethnic diversity and growing multiculturalism in American society.
ethical issues
moral challenges facing our profession (e.g., how to prepare an adequate and competent workforce).
ethical dilemmas
puzzling moral problems in which a person, group, or community can envision morally justified reasons for both taking and not taking a certain course of action (e.g., how to allocate limited resources to two equally needy populations).
utilitarianism
An ethical theory that is based on weighing of morally significant outcomes or consequences regarding the overall maximizing of good and minimizing of harm for the greatest number of people.
beneficence
Beneficence refers to the ethical obligation to act for the benefit of others, promoting their well-being and taking positive steps to prevent and remove harm.
A nurse provides pain relief medication to a patient suffering from severe pain, ensuring the patient’s comfort and well-being.
distributive justice
fair distribution of the benefits and burdens in society based on the needs and contributions of its members. This principle requires that consistent with dignity and worth of its members and within the limits imposed by its resources, a society must determine a minimum level of goods and services be available to its members
egalitarian
this view advocates that everyone is entitled to equal rights and equal treatment in society
libertarian
emphasizing individual autonomy, minimizing government intervention, and advocating for personal responsibility in healthcare
liberal democratic
this view values both liberty and equality.
nonmaleficence
Nonmaleficence refers to the ethical obligation to avoid causing harm to others. It emphasizes the importance of not inflicting harm, either intentionally or unintentionally.
A surgeon decides not to perform a high-risk surgery on a frail elderly patient because the potential harm outweighs the benefits.
deontology
Adhering to moral rules or duty rather than the consequences of actions.
respect for autonomy
based on human dignity and respect for individuals, autonomy requires that individuals be permitted to choose those actions and goals that fulfill their life plans unless those choices result in harm to another
veracity
truthfulness, accuracy
consequentialism
decisions are based on outcomes or consequences
justice
distribution of benefits and burdens in society be fair
virtues
acquired, excellent traits of character that dispose humans to act in accord with their natural good
ANA nursing code of ethics
contains nine provisional statement that address the moral standards that delineate nursing’s values, goals and obligations
public health code for ethics
- Preventing harm
- Doing no harm
- Promoting good
- Respecting both individual and community rights
- Respecting autonomy, diversity, and confidentiality when possible
- Ensuring professional competency
- Trustworthiness
- Promoting advocacy for disenfranchised persons within a community
legal immigrant
not a citizen but allowed to both live and work in the United States also known as LAWFUL PERMANENT RESIDENTS
refugee
admitted outside the usual quota restrictions based on fear of persecution due to their race, religion, nationality, social group, or political views
nonimmigrant
admitted to the United States for a limited duration and specific purpose (i.e., students, tourists)
unauthorized immigrant
may have crossed the border illegally or legal permission expired; eligible only for emergency medical services
factors to consider for providing health care for immigrants
- Financial constraints (uninsured)
- Language barriers
- Differences in social, religious, and cultural backgrounds between the immigrant and the health care provider
- Providers’ lack of knowledge about high-risk diseases in the specific immigrant groups for whom they care
- Traditional healing or folk health care practices that may be unfamiliar to their US health care providers
- When working with immigrant populations, consider how your own background, beliefs, and knowledge may be significantly different from those of the people receiving care.
culture
a set of beliefs, values, and assumptions about life that are widely held among a group of people and that are transmitted across generations
race
a biological designation whereby group members share features (skin color, bone structure, genetic traits, such as blood groupings)
Ethnicity
shares feelings of peoplehood among a group of individuals
cultural diversity
refers to the degree of variation that is represented among populations based on lifestyle, ethnicity, race interest across place and place of origin across time
stereotyping
attributing certain beliefs and behaviors about a group to an individual without giving adequate attention to individual differences
prejudice
refers to having a deeply held reaction, often negative, about another group or person
racism
a form of prejudice and refers to the belief that persons who are born into a particular group are inferior, for example, in intelligence, morals, beauty, or self-worth
Ethnocentrism
a type of cultural prejudice at the population level, is the belief that one’s own group determines the standards for behavior by which all other groups are to be judged
cultural blindness
the tendency to ignore all differences among cultures, to act as though these differences do not exist, and as a result, to treat all people the same (when in truth, each person is an individual with unique needs)
cultural imposition
belief in one’s own superiority, or ethnocentrism, and the act of imposing one’s values on others
cultural conflict
a perceived threat that may arise from a misunderstanding of expectations between clients and nurses when either group is not aware of cultural differences
cultural shock
the feeling of helplessness, discomfort, and disorientation experienced by an individual attempting to understand or effectively adapt to another cultural group that differs in practices, values, and beliefs
education
an activity designed to help people change their knowledge, attitudes, and skills about a specific topic
learning
emphasizes the recipient of knowledge and skills and the person(s) in whom a change is expected to occur
cognitive domain
includes memory, recognition, understanding, reasoning, application and problem solving and is divided into a hierarchical classification of behaviors
affective domain
includes changes in attitudes and the development of values
psychomotor domain
included the performance of skills that require some degree of neuromuscular coordination and emphasizes motor skills
Learners accept information based on a range of factors including:
What they already know, what they believe, the culture in which they were raised, their generational experiences related to learning, how well they can understand and relate to information that they receive
pedagogy
learning strategies for children and individuals with little knowledge about a health-related topic
Andragogy
learning strategies for adults, older adults, and individuals with come health-related knowledge about a topic
health belief model
Addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors
Transtheoretical Model
Model of behavior change that identifies six distinct stages people go through in altering behavior patterns; also called the stages of change model
Precaution Adoption Process Model
Explains how a person comes to the decision to take action, and how the decision is translated into action
precontemplation stage
in which the person does not plan to change; this may be because the person does not know there is a problem or does not want to do anything about it
contemplation stage
in which the person begins thinking about making a change in the future and examines the pros and cons of doing so
preparation stage
in which the person intends to do something
action stage
people are actively changing a negative behavior or adopting a new, healthy behavior
maintenance stage
sustained change over time; begins 6 months after action has started and continues indefinitely
termination stage
ending the change process
family health
a condition including the promotion and maintenance of physical, mental, spiritual, and social health for the family unit and for individual family members
health risks
the factors that determine or influence whether disease or other unhealthy results occur
risk factors include
genetics, age, biological characteristics, personal health habits, lifestyle, environment
health risk appraisal
process of identifying and analyzing an individual’s prognostic characteristics of health and comparing then with those of a standard age-group, thereby providing a prediction of a person’s likelihood of prematurely developing the health problems that have high morbidity and mortality in this country
health risk reduction
application of selected interventions to control or reduce risk factors and minimize the incidence of associated disease and premature mortality; risk reduction is reflected in greater congruity between appraised and achievable ages
life event risk
age-related risks to a person’s health that often occur during transitions from one developmental stage to another
family crisis
a situation whereby the demands of the situation exceed the resources and coping capacity of the family.
home health: initiation phase
- Clarify the purpose for the home visit
- Share information on the reason and purpose of the home visit with. The family
home health: previsit phase
- Initiate contact with the family
- Established a sheared perception of purpose with the family
- Determine the family’s willingness for a home visit
- Schedule a home visit
- Review the referral and /or family record
home health: in-home phase
- Introduce self and professional identity
- Interact socially to establish rapport
- Establish the nurse-client relationship
- Implement the nursing process
home health: termination phase
- Review the visit with the family
- Plan for future visit
home health: post visit phase
- Record the visit (DOCUMENTATION!!)
- Plan for the next visit
contracting with families
making an agreement between two or more parties, involves a shift in responsibility and control toward a shared effort by the client and professional opposed to an effort by the professional alone.
contracting with families: beginning process
- Mutual data collection and exploration of needs and problems
- Mutual establishment of goals
- Mutual development of a plan
contracting with families: working process
- Mutual division of responsibilities
- Mutual setting of time limits
- Mutual implementation of a plan
- Mutual evaluation and renegotiation
contracting with families: termination process
- Mutual termination of a contract
