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G12 History 2023-01 > T1M2 Berlin and Cold War alliances > Flashcards

T1M2 Berlin and Cold War alliances Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Hunger Winter in Europe?

A

A food shortage and economic chaos quickly ensued in the western zones and the winter of 1946/7.

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2
Q

How did the West respond to the Hunger Winter?

A
  • merged Germany’s western zones in 1948 into the Trizone.
  • reformed German currency to the Deutschmark.
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3
Q

Why did Stalin implement the Berlin Blockade?

A

Stalin felt that the West was not sticking to the terms of the Yalta Conference.

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4
Q

What was the Berlin Blockade?

A

All routes from West Germany into West Berlin – road, rail and canal.

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5
Q

What was the aim of the Berlin Blockade?

A

The aim of the blockade was to prevent the import of provisions, food and fuel supplies to the western region of the city and force them to submit to Soviet control.

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6
Q

What was the first hot point of the Cold War.

A

The Berlin Blockade.

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7
Q

How did the west respond to the blockade?

A

The USA and Britain chose to airlift supplies into West Berlin.

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8
Q

How long did the Berlin airlift last?

A

11 months, 277 000 flights and 2,5 million tons.

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9
Q

When was the blockade lifted?

A

12 May 1949.

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10
Q

What were the 2 countries that Germany was split into?

A
  • The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) – (West)
  • The German Democratic Republic (GDR) – (East)
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11
Q

What happened in Berlin in 1953?

A

East Berliners protested their lack of freedom, increased work quotas and threatened pay cuts, after Stalin’s death. This was the June Uprising.

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12
Q

How did the Soviets respond to the June Rising?

A

They executed over 600 protesters. In response, thousands of people (young, educated and skill) fled to West Germany.

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13
Q

What is a brain drain?

A

The consistent fleeing of skilled people.

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14
Q

What happened in Berlin 1958?

A

Khrushchev demanded that the West hand over West Berlin to East Germany.

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15
Q

Who was Nikita Khrushchev?

A

The new Soviet leader.

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16
Q

What were the people who left the East called?

A

Defectors.

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17
Q

Who became the new American president in 1961?

A

John F. Kennedy.

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18
Q

What happened on June 1961 in Vienna?

A

JFK and Khrushchev met and Khrushchev demanded a settlement to the Berlin problem.

19
Q

What happened on 13 August 1961?

A

The Berlin Wall was began construction.

20
Q

What were the effects of JFK’s speech he delivered in West Berlin, in 1963

A
  • it boosted West Germans morale
  • it sent a message to the USSR that the west won’t be forced out.
21
Q

What are the famous words that JFK said in his speech in West Berlin, 1963?

A

‘Ich bin ein Berliner!’ (‘I am a Berliner!’)

22
Q

When was NATO formed?

A

1949.

23
Q

What is the full name for NATO?

A

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

24
Q

Why was NATO formed, and what was its aim?

A

NATO was a military alliance formed to prevent any Soviet attack. The mutual protection alliance meant that, should a NATO member country be invaded or attacked by the USSR, the other member countries would come to its aid.

25
Q

What were the anti-communist alliances that were linked to NATO, that the West formed?

A

Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO, 1954)
Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO, 1955)

26
Q

How did the USSR respond to the formation of NATO?

A

They formed the Warsaw Treaty Organisation (or the Warsaw Pact) in 1955, with its East European satellites.

27
Q

What happened in Hungary in 1956?

A

The Hungarian Uprising.

27
Q

What was the Prague Spring, and when was it?

A

The USSR used its soldiers from other Warsaw Pact countries to regain control of the nation when the Czech people rose up in revolt against Soviet domination, in 1968.

28
Q

What did the USSR implement in response to the Prague Spring?

A

The Brezhnev Doctrine.

29
Q

What did the Brezhnev Doctrine entail?

A
  • It stated that the Warsaw Pact granted the right to intervention in any member state that threatened to break away from the bloc.
  • if any one of the Warsaw Pact countries turned towards capitalism, the other member countries would force it to return to communism.
30
Q

What is MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)?

A

The knowledge that both the USA and the USSR had enough weapons to destroy each other and possibly the world, and hoping that knowledge would prevent the other from attacking first.

31
Q

What talks were had on reducing the arms race, by the USSR and the USA.

A

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT)

32
Q

When was SALT I signed, and why was it important?

A

In 1972 and it was an important first step to slowing down the arms race.

33
Q

What competitions did the superpowers have with each other?

A
  • the arms race
  • the space race
34
Q

Who led in the space race in 1957?

A

The USSR launched the first satellite into space. (Sputnik)

35
Q

Who was the first person to orbit the earth and return safely?

A

Yuri Gagarin from the USSR, in 1961.

36
Q

Who was the first woman sent to space?

A

Valentina Tereshkova from the USSR.

37
Q

Why did the USA speed up work on their space programme?

A

It seemed that the USSR was way ahead in science and technology

38
Q

When did America achieve being the first country to walk on the moon?

A

1969

39
Q

What was the orthodox/conventional view of who was to blame for the Cold War?

A

This view portrayed the USA and West as morally correct, while the USSR was portrayed as the villain.

  • It was Soviet aggression in Eastern Europe – and in other parts of the world – that caused the Cold War;
  • The United States had no choice but to meet the challenges posed by Soviet actions;
40
Q

When was the orthodox view of who was to blame for the Cold War, popular?

A

1950s and 1960s

41
Q

What was McCarthyism?

A

The US Government began investigating people who were suspected of being communists. This was led by Senator Joe Mcarthy.

42
Q

What was the revisionist view of who was to blame for the Cold War?

A

This view placed the blame for the start of the Cold War on the USA, rather than the Soviet Union.

  • The Soviets did nothing more than any great power would have in Eastern Europe, in terms of looking after its national interests.
  • The Soviets were often only reacting to what the revisionists portrayed as aggressive American demands for business markets and political access into the region.
    The USA dominated Western Europe and expected it would do the same in Eastern Europe, despite real, Russian security interests.
    The USA’s foreign policy was imperialistic and a response to the requirements of American capitalism.
43
Q

What was the post-revisionist view of who was to blame for the Cold War?

A
  • Try to show that both sides had their faults and that, over time, both superpowers pushed their own interests and misunderstood the other side.
  • Agree that Stalin was more concerned with the Soviet sphere of influence rather than world domination or aggressive ambitions towards Western Europe.
  • Also agree that Western powers had real concerns about the USSR, as they could not be certain of what Stalin was up to.

G12 History 2023-01 (13 decks)

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