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G12 History 2023-01 > T1 M6 The Civil Rights Movement > Flashcards

T1 M6 The Civil Rights Movement Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a civil society protest?

A

It is the action taken by ordinary citizens against government policies or situations that seem unfair.

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2
Q

What happened in Southern States after slavery was abolished?

A

The Black Codes/Jim Crow laws were instituted.

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3
Q

What were the Black Codes/Jim Crow laws?

A

These were laws of segregation, that discriminated against African Americans.

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4
Q

What racial segregation did the Jim Crow laws enforce?

A
  • Marriage between white and black people was forbidden.
  • Segregation on trains and buses.
  • Separate schools, libraries and restrooms for black and white people.
  • Restaurants were segregated.
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5
Q

What happened with Plessy v. Ferguson?

A

In 1896, Homer Plessy refused to move to a segregated ‘black’ train carriage, and he was arrested. He took the case to court but lost as it wasn’t considered unconstitutional to separate black and white people.

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6
Q

What restrictions did African Americans face regarding voting?

A

African Americans had to register to vote, while white Americans were automatically placed on the voters’ roll. African Americans had to pass a literacy test to be allowed to register.

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7
Q

What was the origin of the Civil Rights Movement in the USA?

A

The Civil Rights Movement began with the Montgomery Bus Boycott, in 1955.

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8
Q

What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

A

Rosa Parks refused to give her seat up to a white passenger. She was fined and arrested. In response, African Americans in Boycott organised a bus boycott.

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9
Q

What was the murder of Emmett Till?

A

In 1955, Emmett Till was murdered by two white men after he reportedly ‘flirted’ with a white woman while on holiday. His killers were acquitted of the murder charges, and the jury was all white.

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10
Q

How old was MLK when he was appointed as a Baptist minister in Montgomery, Alabama?

A

26 years old.

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11
Q

What was created in 1957 and by whom?

A

MLK and other black church ministers created the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which aimed to end segregation in the South using passive resistance.

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12
Q

What is the NAACP?

A

The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People

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13
Q

What is the SCLC?

A

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference

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14
Q

What is the CORE?

A

The Congress of Racial Equality

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15
Q

What is the SNCC?

A

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

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16
Q

Who was Homer Plessy, and what did he do in 1896?

A

Homer Plessy was an African American man with a black great-grandmother. He refused to move to the segregated ‘black’ train carriage and got arrested.

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17
Q

What was the outcome of Plessy v. Ferguson?

A

The Supreme Court ruled against Plessy, endorsing ‘separate but equal,’ allowing segregation if equal facilities were provided for black people.

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18
Q

What was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) known for?

A

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was a white racist organization that committed acts of violence and intimidation against African Americans.

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19
Q

What obstacles did African Americans face in exercising their right to vote?

A

African Americans had to register to vote, while white Americans were automatically placed on the voters’ roll. Additionally, they had to pass a difficult literacy test to qualify. Voter registration was also hindered by limited hours and intimidation from white racists.

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20
Q

What event marked the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement?

A

The Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 marked the start of the Civil Rights Movement.

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21
Q

What was the outcome of Rosa Parks’ refusal, and how did the African American community respond?

A

Rosa Parks was arrested and fined. In response, African Americans in Montgomery organized a mass bus boycott that lasted until November 1956, representing the first major protest of the Civil Rights Movement.

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22
Q

What happened to Emmett Till’s killers in the aftermath of the murder?

A

His killers were acquitted of the murder charges by an all-white jury, which brought attention to the ongoing racism in the Southern States.

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23
Q

What event in August 1955 sparked significant resistance and media attention?

A

The murder of Emmett Till, an African American teenager from Illinois, by two white men in Mississippi after he reportedly ‘flirted’ with a white woman during his vacation.

24
Q

What is civil disobedience

A

The refusal to obey the demands, commands, or laws of a government without resorting to violence.

25
Q

How did Martin Luther King Jr. contribute to the Civil Rights Movement?

A

Martin Luther King Jr. led the Montgomery Bus Boycott and co-founded the SCLC, promoting non-violent resistance to end segregation.

26
Q

What approach did Martin Luther King Jr. advocate?

A

Martin Luther King Jr. believed in nonviolent protest and encouraged civil disobedience, influenced by Mahatma Gandhi’s ideas.

27
Q

Who was elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association during the boycott, and how old was he at the time?

A

Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. was elected as the president of the Montgomery Improvement Association at the age of 25.

28
Q

What was the outcome of the NAACP’s case in defence of Rosa Parks?

A

The NAACP’s case went before the US Supreme Court, resulting in a ruling that all buses in Alabama must be desegregated.

29
Q

How did the Greensboro Four conduct their sit-in protest?

A

The Greensboro Four, African American protestors, sat at the lunch counter and requested to be served coffee. They maintained a non-violent approach by staying where they were when they were refused, enduring insults and abuse without retaliation.

30
Q

How did the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) come into existence?

A

In April 1960, student groups from different cities, including Nashville, Tennessee, formed the SNCC to coordinate and organize sit-ins as part of the civil rights movement.

31
Q

What were the outcomes of the sit-ins?

A

The sit-ins gained significant media coverage and led to the desegregation of Nashville lunch counters in May 1960 and Woolworth lunch counters in July 1960.

32
Q

What were the Freedom Rides?

A

The Freedom Rides were protests against racial segregation on interstate buses in the Southern States, carried out by an interracial group of 13 students who travelled on Greyhound buses from Washington DC to the South in May 1961.

33
Q

Who organized the Freedom Rides

A

The Congress for Racial Equality (CORE)

34
Q

How did the Freedom Riders defy segregation during their rides?

A

Black and white students sat together on the buses

34
Q

What was the outcome of the Freedom Rides regarding interstate transportation?

A

In 1962, the Attorney General of the USA, Robert Kennedy, directed the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce integration, making segregation on interstate buses illegal.

35
Q

How did the Freedom Riders defy segregation during their rides?

A

Black and white students sat together on the buses

36
Q

Why did Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC choose Birmingham for their protest campaign in April 1963?

A

They chose Birmingham because it was a Ku Klux Klan stronghold and known for its deep racism, with numerous black churches and homes being bombed between 1957 and 1962.

37
Q

What were the demands of African Americans during the Birmingham Campaign?

A

African Americans in Birmingham demanded the desegregation of public facilities and the right to attend all Southern universities.

38
Q

How did the police respond to the protests during the Birmingham Campaign?

A

The Chief of Police, Bull Connor, ordered the police to use force to halt the demonstrations. Police used fire hoses, tear gas, electric cattle prods, and released police dogs to attack the demonstrators.

39
Q

What impact did media coverage of the Birmingham Campaign have on the Civil Rights Movement?

A

This increased support for the Civil Rights Movement.

40
Q

What were the results of the Birmingham Campaign?

A

Birmingham business leaders decided to desegregate their lunch counters, restrooms, and drinking fountains. The jailed protestors were set free, and charges against them were dropped.

41
Q

What was the purpose of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom?

A

The march aimed to bring attention to the slow pace of desegregation and the denial of jobs to African Americans, demanding true freedom and justice.

42
Q

Who were the key organizers of the March on Washington, and why was the Lincoln Memorial chosen as the venue?

A

Philip Randolph, Martin Luther King Jr., and four other civil rights leaders formed the ‘Big Six’ and organized the march. The Lincoln Memorial was chosen because it symbolized emancipation, as Abraham Lincoln signed a proclamation freeing slaves on the same date in 1863, exactly 100 years before the march

43
Q

What was the significance of Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech at the March on Washington?

A

Martin Luther King Jr.’s ‘I have a dream’ speech became a defining moment of the Civil Rights Movement, expressing a vision for a nation free from racial prejudice and advocating for equal rights for all Americans.

44
Q

What were the results and achievements of the March on Washington?

A

President Kennedy proposed a law to end discrimination, and President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act on July 2, 1964.

45
Q

Why were the Selma to Montgomery Marches organized?

A

The marches were organized to protest the discrimination faced by African Americans in voter registration and demand equal voting rights.

46
Q

What was the significance of the Freedom Summer?

A

The Freedom Summer aimed to register African American voters in Mississippi and brought attention to the violence and obstacles faced by civil rights activists in their voter registration efforts.

47
Q

What were the challenges faced during the early demonstrations for equal voting rights in Selma?

A

African Americans faced violence, threats, excessively difficult literacy tests, and limited access to registration due to the odd hours and slow service at the courthouse.

48
Q

How did the Selma to Montgomery Marches unfold, and what were their outcomes?

A

The marches faced violent confrontations with state troopers, but the televised brutality on the Edmund Pettus Bridge during the first march outraged many Americans. The third march, with thousands of participants, led to President Lyndon B Johnson signing the Voting Rights Act on August 6, 1965, removing restrictions on black voters and ensuring equal voting rights for all Americans.

49
Q

What was the significance of Brown v. Board of Education?

A

Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark Supreme Court case in 1954 that ruled segregation in public schools based on race as unconstitutional.

50
Q

What happened during the desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas?

A

In 1957, the Little Rock Nine, a group of nine academically outstanding black students, were chosen to integrate Central High School. Governor Orval Faubus opposed the integration and called out the Arkansas National Guard to surround the school, leading to a confrontation with federal government intervention.

51
Q

How did Elizabeth Eckford, one of the Little Rock Nine, experience her first day at Central High School?

A

Elizabeth Eckford arrived alone at Central High School and was met with hostility and threats from white protesters. A white woman named Grace Lorch helped her to safety and escorted her home.

52
Q

How did the Freedom Riders defy segregation during their rides?

A

Black and white students sat together on the buses

53
Q

How did the Freedom Riders defy segregation during their rides?

A

Black and white students sat together on the buses

54
Q

How did the Freedom Riders defy segregation during their rides?

A

Black and white students sat together on the buses

55
Q

How did the Freedom Riders defy segregation during their rides?

A

Black and white students sat together on the buses

G12 History 2023-01 (13 decks)

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