T1 M12 International opposition to apartheid Flashcards
What does AAM stand for?
Anti Apartheid Movement.
When and why was the Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) founded in Britain?
AAM was founded in 1960 as a response to Albert Luthuli’s call to boycott South African products. It changed its name from the Boycott Movement after the Sharpeville Massacre.
Where did AAM draw its support from and what were its main strategies?
AAM drew support from local groups, individuals, and organizations like trade unions. It worked with the United Nations to isolate and weaken the South African government. It pressured the British government, the public, and businesses to take a stand on apartheid.
When and how was the Irish Anti-Apartheid Movement (IAAM) established, and who supported it?
IAAM was founded in 1964 as an extension of the British movement, with support from Irish trade unionists.
What measures did IAAM take to pressure South Africa, and what impact did it have?
IAAM led an embargo on cultural contacts with South Africa, influencing trade unions. It successfully lobbied for Ireland to halt South African food imports, cease coal purchases from South Africa, and close its tourist office in Johannesburg. The organization also mobilized against sporting contacts with South Africa.
What was a success of the AAM?
It encouraged Barclays Bank to withdraw from South African and sell its subsidiaries.
What were the effects of the anti-apartheid movement on South African sporting tours and participation in international sporting events?
The movement successfully cancelled South African rugby and cricket tours of the UK, and South Africa was expelled from numerous international sporting federations, including FIFA, following mass demonstrations.
What were some of the key measures of the academic boycott against South Africa?
Many British and Irish universities refused to collaborate with South African universities, barred their staff from visiting the country, and excluded South African academics from conferences and research opportunities abroad. This academic isolation extended to research, cultural exchanges, and travel to overseas universities.
What were the main components and impacts of the international consumer boycott against South African products?
The consumer boycott involved media campaigns and demonstrations to persuade the public not to buy South African products. The boycott lobbied for governments to ban the import of South African products and resources.
When did the United Nations first attempt to impose sanctions and economic isolation on South Africa, and what was the outcome of these early efforts?
The United Nations attempted to impose sanctions on South Africa as early as 1962. However, these efforts were not as successful as hoped because they lacked the support of many Western countries.
Why were Western countries like Britain and the US reluctant to impose economic sanctions on South Africa?
Western countries were hesitant to impose sanctions because they had strong economic interests in South Africa, including current and future investments.
What led to American companies finally withdrawing from South Africa?
Harsher sanction bills passed by Congress.
When and why did the Release Mandela campaign start?
The Release Mandela campaign began in 1963 when Nelson Mandela was arrested and sentenced to life in prison for his anti-apartheid activities. It aimed to secure Mandela’s freedom and end apartheid.
What factors played an important role in bringing about the need to negotiate the end of apartheid?
Sanctions.
Disinvestment.
Boycotts.
Massive internal resistance.
What did the United Nations do to apply pressure to the South African Government to release Mandela?
Called for his direct release
