T1.8 & 1.9 Prediction And Impact (models) & Mitigation/ Adaptation

Question 1

What is prediction and forecasting?

Answer 1

• Using various data on previous earthquakes, risk and hazards in a computer model to predict what can cause and when earthquakes can occur
• Uses models to calculate the statistical likelihood of earthquakes

Question 2

Different forecasting and predicting methods for volcanoes

Answer 2

• Tiltmeters: record volcanoes from fluctuations and increases in magma rises
• Seismometers: record minor earthquakes that can indicate magma movement
• Gas spectrometers: analyse gas emissions that can indicate eruptions

Question 3

Different forecasting and predicting methods for earthquakes

Answer 3

• Earthquakes are harder to predict in advance
• Seismic gaps: areas where earthquakes have not occurred for long despite a fault and trends
• Seismometers: can indicate where an earthquake has occurred and can forecast aftershocks or tsunamis

Question 4

How can prediction aid and reduce damage by tectonic disasters?

Answer 4

• Can allow government to communicate and evacuate citizens
• Can result in more defences being readied
• Army can be on stand-by for aid
• Countries can communicate and arrange foreign and domestic aid quickly
• Emergency service camps can be set up sooner

Question 5

What two models show mitigation and adaption to tectonic disasters?

Answer 5

• Park’s model
• Hazard management cycle

Question 6

What are the four different aspects of the hazard management cycle

Answer 6

1) Mitigation
2) Preparation
Event
3) Response
4) Recovery

Question 7

What is Mitigation

Answer 7

Mitigation: The act of a country or state aiming to reduce the scale of the next disaster by improving infrastructure and making adjustments helping increase the threshold and capacity to cope.

Question 8

What is preparation?

Answer 8

Preparation: the stage before a disaster occurs when communities prepare on how they will act before, during and after a disaster using different warning, prediction and evacuation systems

Question 9

What is preparation?

Answer 9

Preparation: the stage before a disaster occurs when communities prepare on how they will act before, during and after a disaster using different warning, prediction and evacuation systems

Question 10

What is a response in the hazard management cycle?

Answer 10

Response: the immediate response including search and rescue where the community aims to prevent any further losses through emergency services and providing basic needs.

Question 11

What is recovery in the hazard management cycle?

Answer 11

Recovery: the process of rebuilding infrastructure and services with rehabilitation of injured people. This is the long-term process of moving on and improving from the damage caused by the event.

Question 12

What does the recovery stage depend on?

Answer 12

G - Governance
A - Aid received
M - Magnitude
E - external factors like potential environmental impacts and aftershocks
D - development

Question 13

What are some methods of mitigation/ modifying vulnerability?

Answer 13

M - Migration
E - Evacuation/ education drills
T - Technology
R - Risk assessment
I - Infrastructure improvements
C - community preparation

Question 14

How is loss modified?

Answer 14

• Short-term aid
• Foreign aid
• Insurance
• Long-term aid