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Embryology > T16- Development of the face, PA, and BR > Flashcards

T16- Development of the face, PA, and BR Flashcards

1
Q

What does the pharyngeal apparatus consist of

A

Pharyngeal arches, pouches, grooves, and membranes

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2
Q

When are the four pairs of pharyngeal arches visible externally

A

By the end of the fourth week (day 28)

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3
Q

What are the germ cell layers of the PA

A

Paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm: mesenchymal core

Ectoderm: covers the PA externally

Endoderm: covers the PA internally

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4
Q

What are the muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis and Masseter

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5
Q

What are the muscles of mastication innervated by

A

Trigeminal nerve V (V3, the mandibular division)

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6
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression

A

Buccinator, orbicularis oris, and the obicularis oculi

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7
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression innervated by

A

The facial nerve (CN VII)

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8
Q

What nerve is responsible for general sensory information from the skin of the external acoustic meatus

A

The facial nerve (CN VII)

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9
Q

Nerve that innervates stylopharyngeus for swallowing

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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10
Q

Nerve that innervates muscles in throat

A

vagus nerve

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11
Q

Musles of the first PA

A
  • muscles of mastication
  • mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric
  • tenor tympani
  • tensor veli palatini
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12
Q

Nerves of the first PA

A

Maxilary (V2) and mandibular(V3) divison of the trigeminal nerve

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13
Q

Where does the first PA nerve (Trigeminal) recive sensory information from

A

superficial sensory information from the face and deep sensory information from the nasal cavity

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14
Q

Aortic arch artery of first PA

A

largely disappears and remnants form part of the Maxillary artery

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15
Q

What does the dorsal part of the cartilaginous rod form in the first PA

A

malleus and incus

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16
Q

What does the middle part of the cartilaginous rod form in the first PA

A

Anterior ligament of the malleus and the sphenomandibular ligament

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17
Q

What does the ventral part of the cartilaginous rod form in the first PA

A

primordium of the mandble

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18
Q

Muscles of second PA

A
  • muscles of facial expression
  • stapedius
  • stylohyoid
  • posterior belly of digastric
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19
Q

Nerves of the second PA

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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20
Q

Aortic arch arteries of the second PA

A

largely disappear but dorsal parts form the stems of the small stapedial arteries

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21
Q

What does the dorsal part of the cartilagenous rod in the second PA form

A

stapes and styloid process

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22
Q

Second PA

What does the middle part of the cartilagenous rod form

A

The middle part of the cartilagenous rod regresses but the perichondrium forms as the stylohyoid ligament

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23
Q

Second PA

What does the ventral part of the cartilagenous rod form

A

The lesser cornu (horn) of the hyoid bone

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24
Q

Muscle of the third PA

A

stylopharyngeus

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25
Q

Nerve of the third PA

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

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26
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve recive sensory information from?

A

The larynx and esophagus

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27
Q

What does the proximal part of the aortic arch artery in the third PA bcome

A

the common carotid artery

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28
Q

What does the distal part of the aortic arch artery in the third PA become

A

The internal carotid artery

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29
Q

What does the cartilagenous rod of the third PA become

A

The greater cornu (horn) of the hyoid bone

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30
Q

Where does the body of the hyoid bone come from

A

The hypopharyngeal eminence

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31
Q

What do the muscles of the 4th and 6th PA form

A

Muscles of larynx, pharynx and esophagus

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32
Q

What innervates the 4th PA

A

superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)

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33
Q

What innervates the 6th PA

A

recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X)

34
Q

What does the aortic arch artery of the 4th PA form

A

aortic arch and right subclavian artery

35
Q

What does the aortic arch artery of the 6th PA form

A

Right and left pulmonary artery, and ductus arteriosus

36
Q

What does the cartilagenous rod of the 4th and 6th PA form

A

laryngeal cartilages

37
Q

What is the diverticulum of the first pharyngeal pouch called

A

Tubatympanic recess

38
Q

What does the Tubatympanic recess make contact with

A

the first pharyngeal groove

39
Q

What does the cavity of the tubatympanic recess form

A

the primative tympanic (middle ear) cavity

40
Q

What does the proximal part of the tubatympanic recess become

A

the pharyngotympanic (eustacian) tube

41
Q

What does the pharyngotympanic tube connect

A

it connects the oral cavity to the middle ear

42
Q

What does the second pharyngeal arch go on to form

A

the palatine tonsils and tonsillar sinus

43
Q

What does the third pharyngeal pouch give rise to

A

the inferior parathyroid gland and the thymus

44
Q

What does the fourth pharyngeal pouch give rise to

A

The superior parathyroid gland and the cells to the thyroid

45
Q

What does the first pharyngeal grove give rise to

A

The external acoustic meatus

46
Q

What happens to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pharyngeal groove

A

they come together as the cervical sinus which eventually gets obliterated

47
Q

What happens to the first pharyngeal membrane

A

it goes on to form the tympanic membrane

48
Q

What happens to the 2nd 3rd and 4th pharyngeal membranes

A

they get oblitterated

49
Q

Formation of the face

What happens to the oropharyngeal membrane

A

the oropharyngeal membrane ruptures forming the stomodium

50
Q

What are the 5 face primordia that appear as the prominineces around the stomodeum

A

Frontonasal prominence, mandibular prominence (2x), maxillary prominence (2x)

51
Q

What are the facial prominences produced by

A

mesenchyme derived from neural crest cells that migrate into the arches

52
Q

When do nasal placodes turn into nasal pits

53
Q

When do the median and lateral nasal prominences show up

54
Q

When does the nasolacrimal groove show up

55
Q

When does the external acoustic meatus show up

56
Q

When do the nasal prominences migrate toward each other

57
Q

When are the eyes located ventrally

A

by the end of 6 weeks (day 48)

58
Q

How is the philtrum of the lip formed

A

by fusion of the maxillary prominences

59
Q

What is cleft lip a result of

A

failure of the maxillary and nasal prominences to merge

60
Q

Development of the nose

how are the nasal placodes formed

A

they are formed by local thickening of the surface ectoderm on both sides of the frontonasal prominence

61
Q

How are the nasal pits formed

A

by the invagination of the nasal placodes

62
Q

How are the medial and lateral nasal prominences formed

A

when mesenchyme at the margins of the placodes proliferate to produce elevations

63
Q

Whta does the frontonasal prominince form

A

the forehead+dorsum and bridge of nose

64
Q

What do the medial nasal prominences form

A

they merge to form the nasal septum and the tip of the nose

65
Q

What do the lateral nasal prominences form

A

they form the alae (sides of nose)

66
Q

What is between the LNP and the MXP

A

the nasolacrimal groove

67
Q

What does the nasolacrimal groove become in the adult

A

the nasolacrimal duct

68
Q

How is the upper lip developed

A

merging of MNP’s form intermaxillary segment which forms the philtrum

MXP’s proliferate and grow medially eventually covering the IMS

MNP+ MXP=complete upper lip

69
Q

How is the lower lip developed

A

The mandibular prominence fuses across the midline

70
Q

How do prominences fuse

A
  1. epithelial seams breakdown between the components
  2. Mesenchymal cells proliferate and move around
  3. Mesenchymal cells become continuous
71
Q

Unilateral cleft lip

A

Results from the failure of the maxillary prominence to fuse with the median nasal prominence

72
Q

The _______wing of the ___________ gives rise to the thymus

A

ventral; 3rd pharyngeal pouch

73
Q

The thymus decends to the___________

A

anterior mediastinum

74
Q

The _________ aspect of the 4th pharyngeal pouch develops into the __________ which fuses with the ___________ to form _____________

A

ventral; ultimo-pharyngeal body; thyroid gland; parafollicular cells

75
Q

Disappearance of the thyroglossal duct

What happens at 7 weeks

A

The thyroid reaches its final location and the thyroglossal duct disappears

76
Q

Thyroid development

What happens during the 11th week

A

colloid begins to appear in the thyroid follicles

77
Q

Thyroid development

What happens at 35 weeks

A

The levels of fetal thyroxine reach adult levels

78
Q

What is the remnant of the thyroglossal duct

A

the pyramidal lobe

79
Q

What does the dorsal wing of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch give rise to

A

The inferior parathyroid bud

80
Q

What does the dorsal wing of the 4th pharyngeal pouch give rise to

A

The superior parathyroid bud

Embryology (14 decks)

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