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BSMS 104 > T1 - Motility of the GI tract > Flashcards

T1 - Motility of the GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four layers of the GI tract from the lumen in?

A

Mucosa, sub mucosa, muscular externa, serosa

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2
Q

what layer of the GI tract is the connective tissue layer?

A

sub mucosa

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3
Q

what is most motility governed by in the GI tract?

A

contraction of smooth muscle

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4
Q

what type of contraction are the oesophagus and anal sphincter governed by and what does this allow?

A

striated muscles contraction allows voluntary control

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5
Q

what are the two interconnected plexi in the gut wall and where are they found

A

myenteric plexus in the muscular layer and submucosal plexus in the SM layer

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6
Q

what do the two plexi in the gut wall control?

A

myenteric controls motility and submucosal controls secretion and local blood flow

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7
Q

what is the parasympathetic innervation up to the TV colon?

A

vagus

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8
Q

what is the parasympathetic innervation after he TV colon?

A

sacral parasympathetic nerves

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9
Q

where does sympathetic innervation of motility come from?

A

paravertebral symp ganglia - coeliac, sup mesenteric and inf mesenteric

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10
Q

where do hormones go after they are secreted from entereoendocrine cells?

A

into the portal circulation

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11
Q

what cells is CCK released from and what does it cause?

A

released from I cells in SI and inhibits gastric emptying

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12
Q

what cells is motion released from and what does it cause?

A

released by M cells and causes gastric and intestinal motility

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13
Q

what are slow waves

A

cycling waves of negative elec potential that get more positive over time

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14
Q

what are spike potentials

A

take the membrane to threshold and allow contraction to occur

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15
Q

what three things inhibit contraction?

A

sympathetic ANS (NA), hormones eg CCK and hyper polarisation

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16
Q

what generates basal metabolic rhythm?

A

slow waves

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17
Q

what type of contraction involves bursts of circular muscle contraction and relaxation?

A

segmentation - mixing

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18
Q

what type of contraction in valves contraction behind a a bolus and relaxation in front (only aborally)

A

peristalsis

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19
Q

what plexus is implicated in hirschprungs disease?

A

myenteric

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20
Q

what type of epithelia line the oesophagus?

A

stratified squamous

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21
Q

what type of muscle is in the muscle layer of the oesophagus?

A

striated

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22
Q

where does striated muscle become smooth muscle in the oesophagus?

A

after the upper oesophageal sphincter

23
Q

what type of movement occurs in the oes after the junctions of striated and smooth muscle?

A

slow peristaltic waves

24
Q

what causes receptive relaxation in the oesophagus?

A

when the lower sphincter relaxes

25
Q

what is achalasia?

A

when the LOS fails to relax so food stays in the oesophagus

26
Q

what is GORD?

A

when the LOS loses tone and causes acidic gastric contents in the oesophagus

27
Q

what area of the stomach has a third oblique muscle in the muscle layer?

A

body

28
Q

what is the response in the stomach when a bolus enters?

A

receptive relaxation and stimulation from the vasovagal reflex

29
Q

what forces chyme to the duodenum?

A

powerful peristaltic contractions

30
Q

what hormone causes gastric emptying?

A

motion

31
Q

what hormones prevent gastric emptying?

A

cck and secretin

32
Q

what mixes and grinds food in the distal part of the stomach?

A

antral systole

33
Q

what three hormones slow chyme movement to the duodenum and therefore increasing digestion (inhibit gastric emptying)

A

CCK, secretin and GIP

34
Q

what is dumping syndrome and when does it occur?

A

rapid entry of the gastric contents to the SI

- occurs after ingestion of a large meal or post gastrectomy

35
Q

what is gastroparesis and when does it occur?

A

when the stomach fails to empty

- can be due to impaired vagal stimulation in the stomach due to severe diabetes

36
Q

what three things increase the surface area of the small intestine?

A

1) circular folds (pilae circulars)
2) villi projections of mucosa
3) brush border microvilli on epithelial surface

37
Q

how long does it take digestion and absorption to occur in the SI?

A

3-5 hours

38
Q

what predominantly controls motility in the SI?

A

intrinsic ENS

39
Q

what is propulsive peristalsis initiated by?

A

stretch and hormones

40
Q

how is segmentation for mixing triggered in the SI?

A

by stretch receptors that trigger myenteric stimulation of muscle contraction in response to chyme

41
Q

which hormones excite propulsive peristalsis?

A

gastrin, CCK, insulin, motion, 5HT

42
Q

which hormones inhibit propulsive peristalsis?

A

secretin and glucagon

43
Q

what is the migrating motor complex and what controls it?

A
  • sweeps the contents of the SI into the colon every 90 mins
  • peristaltic contractions
  • ENS control
44
Q

what three things can result from disruptions to peristalsis?

A
  • peristaltic rush (rapid sweeping on contents due to mucosal irritation)
  • vomiting (reverse peristalsis)
  • paralytic ileus (loss of peristalsis following mechanical trauma)
45
Q

what two roles does the commensal microbiome in the large intestine play?

A
  • helps digestion

- synthesises vitamin B and K

46
Q

what forms taniae coli?

A

thickening of longitudinal muscle into three bands

47
Q

what forms from tonic contraction of tanaie coli?

A

haustral bulges

48
Q

what type of movements allow mixing in the LI?

A

haustral churning and peristalsis (mass movement and slow waves)

49
Q

what reflex occurs after a meal due to stretching of stomach and duodenal walls?

A

gastroduodenal colic reflexes

50
Q

what initiates the defection reflex?

A

mass movement of faecal matter into an empty rectum

51
Q

what does faecal matter in the rectum stimulate?

A

myenteric plexus and psym ANS

52
Q

what causes the internal anal sphincter to open

A

involuntary contraction of longitudinal muscle in the the rectum

53
Q

what allows defacation?

A

voluntary relaxation of the the external anal sphincter via skeletal muscle motor neuron stimulation

BSMS 104 (6 decks)

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