Anatomy 4 - Urinary tract

Question 1

do the kidneys ascend into their position before or after the gut and mesentery become attached to the PAW?

Answer 1

before

Question 2

what muscle are the kidneys posterior to?

Answer 2

quadratus loborum

Question 3

what level is the upper pole of the kidney?

Answer 3

T12

Question 4

what is the role of perinephric fat surrounding the kidneys?

Answer 4

cushioning against neighbouring ribs to prevent bruising and maintain core temperature of the organ

Question 5

what level do the renal arteries branch out the aorta?

Answer 5

L2

Question 6

what is found in the renal sinus?

Answer 6

renal pelvis, renal vessels plus some fat

Question 7

where do the ureters originate from?

Answer 7

renal pelvis

Question 8

the ureter crosses the anterior surface of which muscle?

Answer 8

psoas major

Question 9

at what level does the ureter cross the pelvic brim?

Answer 9

at the bifurcation of the iliac arteries (L4)

Question 10

what surface of the bladder do the ureters enter?

Answer 10

posterior surface

Question 11

what areas of the ureter are more prone to stones developing?

Answer 11

when it makes sharp changes in direct eg over the iliac arteries

Question 12

when empty - what area does the bladder occupy?

Answer 12

the lesser pelvis

Question 13

what area does the bladder occupy when full?

Answer 13

lesser pelvis as well as abdominal space

Question 14

what area would allow access to the bladder if the urethra wasn’t working?

Answer 14

suprapubic

Question 15

what muscle gives the bladder its rugged appearance

Answer 15

detrusor muscle

Question 16

what region of the bladder is inferior and smooth?

Answer 16

trigone

Question 17

where do the ureters open into in the bladder?

Answer 17

the top two corners of the trigone

Question 18

what are the four main bones in the abdominal region?

Answer 18

ribs 11/2, lunar vertebrae, ilium and sacrum

Question 19

what type of vessels target somatic structures *skin, muscle, bone, cartilage)

Answer 19

segmental

Question 20

what is an example of segmental vessels?

Answer 20

lumbar vessels

Question 21

what type of vessels target viscera?

Answer 21

paired (renal) or midline (coeliac, SMA, IMA)

Question 22

at what level is the bifurcation of the aorta to iliac arteries and what is anterior to?

Answer 22

level 4/5 anterior to the sacroiliac joint

Question 23

where do the external iliac vessels pass under and what do they become?

Answer 23

pass under the inguinal canal to become femoral vessels

Question 24

what are the four main muscles in the PAW?

Answer 24

• diaphragm
• quadratus lobo rum
• iliacus
• psoas major and minor

Question 25

what anchors the diaphragm to lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 25

the crura

Question 26

what type of hernia occurs from the stomach being pushed through a hiatus in the diaphragm?

Answer 26

sliding hernia

Question 27

what type of hernia occurs when a small bleb of stomach passes through a diaphragmatic hiatus?

Answer 27

paraoesophagheal hernia

Question 28

where does the quadratus loborum project from and to?

Answer 28

from the iliac crest to rib 12 as well as lateral edges of TV abdominis

Question 29

what is the main action of the QL?

Answer 29

provides abdominal stability and some lateral bending of the trunk

Question 30

where does the illiacus and psoas originate from?

Answer 30

iliac from the iliac fossa and psoas from bodies of the lumbar vertebrae

Question 31

where do the iliacus and psoas travel and insert after they have joined to be the illipsoas

Answer 31

under the inguinal ligament and attach onto the lesser trochanter of the femur

Question 32

what is the action of the illipsoas?

Answer 32

hip flexors - bring the thigh upwards

Question 33

what level do nerves that innervate the abdomen exit the spine?

Answer 33

L1-4 then converge into the lumbar plexus

Question 34

where do nerves supplying bv, sweat glands, erector pili in the abdomen come from?

Answer 34

paravertebral sympathetic chain

Question 35

where do nerves supplying the abdominal viscera come from?

Answer 35

prevertebral splanchnic nerves

Question 36

what is the parasympathetic innervation to the abdominal viscera?

Answer 36

vagus nerve