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203: Reproduction and endocrinology > T1 l6:Adrenal Cortex - Hormones, Physiology > Flashcards

T1 l6:Adrenal Cortex - Hormones, Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage is the medulla and the cortex of the adrenal gland

A

10% is the adrenal medulla and 90% outer adrenal cortex

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2
Q

what is the main function of the adrenal medulla and cortex

A

The adrenal cortex is responsible for homeostasis (stress, sex, sodium, and glucose) response and the adrenal medulla is responsible for stress

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3
Q

what from the diet is used to synthesize cortisol

A

Cholesterol

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4
Q

give an example of a glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

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5
Q

give an example of the mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone

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6
Q

what is the basic synthetic pathway

A

How from cholesterol you can derive cortisol , aldosterone and testosterone

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7
Q

which area is cortisol made from

A

Zone fasciculata

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8
Q

what zone is androgens synthesised from

A

Zone reticularis

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9
Q

does the adrenal cortex secrete large volumes of sex hormones

A

no only small volumes such as testosterone and oestrogen

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10
Q

what can occur to sex hormones with adrenal disorders

A

A large secretion of them

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11
Q

How do you control the glucocorticoid secretion- give the flow chart and abbreviations of the chemicals

A

Hypothalamus: CRH

Anterior pituitary gland: ACTH

Adrenal cortex: Cortisol

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12
Q

describe the secretion of ACTH and how it varies during the day

and the effect of prolonged stress

A

The secretion of ACTH is pulsatile:
peak in the early morning, at the time of waking
nadir in the middle of the night.

Increased secretion at time of prolonged stress.

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13
Q

Cortisol secretion can be related to which cycle and what type of travel

A

The sleep wake cycle,

Long haul travels

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14
Q

Describe the percentages of how glucocorticoids travel through the blood

A

10% free in the blood

15% albumin

75% corticosteroid binding globulin

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15
Q

what [is pregnancy associated with

A

CBG-transcortin which increases the plasma protein concentrations

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16
Q

how is adrenal steroids secreted when they are lipid soluble

A

They are glucuronidated in the liver to form water soluble forms which are excreted in the urine

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17
Q

What are the effects of cortisol (5)

A

• Antagonizes the effects of insulin on cellular uptake of glucose
• Stimulates glycogenolysis
• Stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis.
• Lipolysis
Vasoconstriction (in response to catecholamines)

18
Q

what does cortisol cause in excessive concentrations

A

Fat deposit in the face, trunk in the intrascapular region of the shoulders

19
Q

what periphery effects does cortisol have in the periphery

A

It inhibits protein synthesis results in amino acid uptake and protein synthesis - net loss of skeletal protein

20
Q

can glucocotricoids affect aldosterone receptors

A

Yes sometimes and also mineralocorticoid actions of glucocorticoids only apparent at high concentrations

21
Q

what psychological effect can glucocorticoids cause

A

Feelings of elation

22
Q

what is the stimulus for ACTH and corticosteroid release

A

Stress

23
Q

how do glucocorticoids affect the body’s defense systems at many levels

A

inhibit the cellular immune system:

They suppress the lymphoid tissue,

reduce antibody production
• They stabilize leucocyte membranes and reduce the release of proteolytic enzymes.
• They inhibit phospholipase A2 and reduce the synthesis of the inflammatory mediators.

24
Q

what does glucocorticoids do to your inflammatory response

A

They suppress their inflammatory response

25
Q

how is the inflammatory response suppressed

A

It removes the pain and decreases the immobilization induced by the oedema

steroid-induced sedation also causes a lack of awareness of the severity of the situation.

26
Q

what causes the initial conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone

A

ACTH

27
Q

what system influences the secretion of aldosterone

A

The renin-angiotensin system

28
Q

what other factors directly stimulate aldosterone

A

trauma, anxiety, hyperkalaemia and hyponatraemia and inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

29
Q

what is the % of aldosterone that is protein bound

A

50%

30
Q

what occurs after intracellular receptor activation by aldosterone

A

expression of ion channels that transport sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane.

31
Q

which tubule does aldosterone stimulate re-absorption from

A

distal tubule

and collecting duct

32
Q

what is sodium exchanged for via aldosterone

A

potassium and H+ ions

33
Q

what other hormone does aldosterone work with to control blood volume and pressure

A

ADH

34
Q

what are adrenocorticosteroids used for

A

Replacement therapy & for their immunosuppressive/anti-inflame effects

35
Q

what conditions can adrenocorticoids affect

A

Arthritis

Asthma

Allergies

Leukaemia

36
Q

what are mineralcorticoids used for

A

replacement therapy

37
Q

give an example of a mineralcorticoid drug

A

Fludrocortisol

38
Q

what are the adverse effects that are associated with the use of glucocorticoids

A

Steroid usage may suppress wound healing and may exacerbate infections due to their immunosuppresant effects.

Long term use in children may cause inhibition of growth, and in adults may result in osteoporosis.

The development of diabetes mellitus and other symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome also often accompanies steroid therapy.

suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

39
Q

what can occur due to chronic admin of exogenous glucocorticoids

A

suppression of ACTH secretion leading to atrophy of the adrenal cortex

40
Q

are steroids addictive or is there a misunderstanding

A

they are not addictive but :

the adrenal cortex is unable to secrete endogenous hormones and the patient suffers an Addisonian crisis, which may be fatal. This consequence overcome by the gradual reduction of the dose of the exogenous steroid

Other consequences of suppression of the anterior pituitary may include disturbances of sex hormone secretion resulting in symptoms such as menstrual disturbances

41
Q

what is the use of cortisol as a drug

A

is a natural glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. It acts via specific intracellular glucocorticoid receptors to influence gene expression. Glucocorticoids are typically used for hormone replacement therapy, as anti-inflammatory agents and immunosuppressants. Hydrocortisone is the drug of choice for replacement therapy

42
Q

what is another name for cortisol

A

Hydrocortisone

203: Reproduction and endocrinology (53 decks)

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