Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

203: Reproduction and endocrinology > T1 L3 p2 :The Nuts and Bolts of the Endocrine System: Anatomy and Histology Roadshow > Flashcards

T1 L3 p2 :The Nuts and Bolts of the Endocrine System: Anatomy and Histology Roadshow Flashcards

1
Q

what is endocrine

A

Action of the hormone on a target organ away from the secreting cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is autocrine

A
  • Action of the hormone on the secreting cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is paracrine

A

Action of the hormone on the adjacent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neuroendocrine

A

Neural stimulation of endocrine cells to secrete hormones e.g. the medulla of adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of endocrine diseases

A

Hormone overproduction

Hormone underproduction

Tumour/mass lesion which can be:
Non-functional → pressure effect
Associated over production of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the pituitary gland divided into

A

Adenohypophysis/anterior lobe

Neurohypophysis/posterior lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the cells of the anterior pituitary gland

A

Acidophils – take up the acidic dyes

Basophils – take up the basic dyes

Chromophobe – no specific staining features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

look at slide number 10

A

look at it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what hormones and targets are produced by these cells pituitary gland

1) Somatotroph
2) Lactotroph
3) Corticotroph
4) Gonadotroph
5) Thydrotroph

A

1) Growth Hormone - Bones
2) Prolactin - Breasts
3) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) -Adrenal glands

4)Follicle stimulating- Ovary & testis
hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone Ovary & testis
(LH)

5)Thyroid stimulating
(TSH)

Thyroid gland
			hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary and what are their functions (2m)

A

1) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) facilitates the absorption of water in kidneys which concentrates the urine
2) Oxytocin promotes contractions of the smooth muscle in the uterus during childbirth and myoepithelial cells in the breast during breast feeding-milk let down-milk ejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where does pituitary gland pathology occur

A

the adenohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do productive adenomas cause

A

hyperpituitarism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does excess pressure cause in the pituitary gland

A

hypopituitarism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

adenomas can be functioning or non-functioning

A

creating headaches vomiting and nausea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when optic chiasma is compressed by the tumour what happens

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the thyroid gland responsible for the synthesis off

A

T3- triiodothyronine

T4- thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what causes an enlargened goitre

A

Lack of iodine as gland enlarges to absorb the max conc of iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do the follicles of the thyroid contain

A

Colloid - has eosinophilic (pink ) appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where are Para-follicular cells-C cells found

A

they are found between follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do C cells secrete

A

Calcitonin which promotes reduction of calcium concentration in the blood

21
Q

what tests verify hyperthyroidism

A

elevated T4 and T3 level and a decreased TSH level

22
Q

what tests verify a hypothyroidism

A

elevated TSH level and a decreased T3 and T4 level

23
Q

What does Goitre have

A

euthyroid

24
Q

Graves disease is

A

Hyperthyroid

25
Q

Hashimoto’s disease is

A

Hypothyroid

26
Q

Adenoma and cancer is

A

Euthyroid

27
Q

describe the process of forming a multi-nodular goitre

A

Lack of iodine leads to an enlarged thyroid gland termed goitre due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the thyroid cells
The gland enlarges to maximise amount of iodine absorbed
The increase in size overcomes the hormone deficiency and the patients are euthyroid

28
Q

what is a secondary effect of a successful thyroidectomy and why

A

Tracheomalacia - due to compression of the airways

29
Q

Graves disease

(what causes it and what are the 2 effects in different organs)

(5m)

A

Auto-antibodies stimulate TSH receptors

Diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland – goitre due to hyperplasia of thyroid cells

Infiltrative opthalmopathy – accumulation of soft tissue and inflammatory cells behind the eye leading to proptosis

Infiltrative dermopathy – thickening and induration of the skin on the anterior shin→ pre-tibial myxoedema

30
Q

what is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

It’s the most common cause of hyporthyroidism in an area where iodine is readily available

An autoimmune disease

characterised by high TSH and low T3/T4

31
Q

what white cell infiltrates when hashimotos disease is prominent

A

Lymphocytes

32
Q

what cells have tumurs in the thyroid gland

A

Follicular cells- creating follicular adenomas

33
Q

what are the 4 main types of carcinomas

A

Papillary ( 75-85%); ↑ risk of lymph node metastasis

Follicular (10-20%); ↑ Mets to bone, lung and liver

Medullary (5%); arises from C cells ; 20% ass with MEN 2 syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasm)

Anaplastic (<5%); older patients; poor prognosis

34
Q

what is the function of para-follicular cells

A

C cells secrete calcitonin which promotes reduction of calcium concentration in the blood

Para-follicular cells or clear cells (C cells) are found between the follicles

C cells are the origin of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

35
Q

what are parathyroid glands

A

they secrete parathyroid hormones -PTH

they control the levels of calcium in the blood

low ca stims PTH secretion

Chief cells with no lumen

36
Q

what pathology involves one parathyroid one gland

A

Adenoma

37
Q

what pathology involves all 4 glands

A

Hyperplasia

38
Q

which pathologies cause hypercalcaemia

A

Adenomas and hyperplasia

39
Q

what are the 3 zones of the adrenal gland

A

Glomerulosa

fasciculata

reticularis

40
Q

what does the glomerulosa produce

A
  • Mineralocorticoid
    - Aldosterone
    - For absorption of sodium
41
Q

what does the fasciculata

A
  • Glucocorticoids
    - Cortisol & corticosterone
    - Sex hormones
42
Q

Zona reticularis

A
  • 17 Ketosteroids

- Sex hormones

43
Q

What pathologies increase adrenocortical hyperactivity

A

Due to hyperplasia, adenoma or cancer (rare)

Cushing’s Syndrome ( excess cortisol)

Conn’s Syndrome ( excess aldosterone)

Adrenogenital syndrome ( excess androgens)

44
Q

what pathologies increases adrenocortical insufficiency

A

Addison’s disease

45
Q

What is adrenal cortex adenoma

A

Non-functional cortical adenoma
Incidental finding on abdominal imaging
Functional adenomas can cause Cushing’s Syndrome or Conn’s Syndrome

46
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Compact cells which secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to intense emotional reaction (such as exams!)

Flight or fight hormones

Secretion results in vasoconstriction,
 ↑heart rate,  blood sugar levels
→ Part of the organism’s defence to stress

47
Q

Phaechromocytoma

A 
Tumour of the adrenal medulla
0.1-0.3% cause of treatable hypertension
10% Tumour
10% are familial as part of the MEN2
10% are extra-adrenal
10% bilateral
10% are malignant
10% arise in childhood
48
Q

what are the signs for Phaecromocytoma

A

Due to high levels of catecholamines
Precipitous↑ BP + tachycardia, palpitations, headache, sweating, tremor & sense of apprehension
Complications of ↑ BP
CCF, IHD, cardiac arrhythmias, CVA

49
Q

what are the features of multi-nodular goitre

A
  • compression of the trachea

- softening of the trachea leading to collapse- tracheomalacia

203: Reproduction and endocrinology (53 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions