T1: Chapter 9: Life Span: Infancy - Middle Adulthood - RM Flashcards
Growth and development occur across the _____ _____ in a predictable _____.
life span
pattern
Developmental theories give nurses insight into their patients’ developmental stages in what aspects?
- behavioral
- cognitive
- social
- moral
Fetal growth begins at ________ and continues for ____ lunar months until birth.
How many weeks is this?
conception
10 lunar months
This is 40 weeks.
What 4 things are critical adaptations at birth?
(Remember: Breath, Blood, Temp, & Teetee)
- respiration
- independent circulation
- thermoregulation
- urine production
List 3 important developmental theorists?
1) Freud
2) Erikson
3) Piaget
What is Maslow known for?
Maslow’s Heiarchy of Needs
Between birth and 1 year, infants develop a sense of ______ when the caregiver provides the child with _____, _____, and _____.
trust
love, warmth, food
What 2 things occur during the toddler period?
- exploration of the environment
- attempt to become autonomous
What age range is the toddler period?
12 to 36 months
What developmental advances are seen during the preschool period?
- separation from parents
- communication through language
- control of bodily functions
What age range is the preschool period?
4 to 5 years
What developmental changes are seen during the school-age period?
- development of relationships outside the home
- This leads to increasing confidence and independence
What age range is the school-age period?
6 to 12 years
What developmental changes take place during the adolescent period?
- establishment of their own identities
- begin to make decisions that will affect their future
What age range is the adolescent period?
12 to 18 years
What developmental changes occur in young adulthood?
leaves home and begins to function as an independent person
What age range is considered young adulthood?
20 to 40 years
What developmental changes occur during middle adulthood?
- balance aspirations with reality
- the needs of children diminish whereas the needs of aging parents increase
What age range is considered middle adulthood?
40 to 65 years
Growth and developmental differences result in each age group’s having specific _____ _____ requiring specific _______ _______.
health problems
assessment techniques
Data from assessment are used to plan and provide ______ and _____ _____ that are developmentally appropriate.
care
anticipatory guidance
T/F: Abuse of both children and adults is common.
TRUE!
Assess all patients for signs of abuse.
What word is defined as the process of adapting to one’s body and environment over time, which is enabled by increasing complexity of function and skill progression?
Development
______ refers to physical changes that occur over time.
Growth
What are 4 examples of human “growth”?
- height
- weight
- muscle tone
- sexual maturation
______ is constant throughout the life span.
Change
Nature vs. Nurture: Which is which?
Nature = genetic endowment Nurture = influence of environment
What are 6 principles of growth and development?
P. 164 from the text
1) Usually follow an orderly pattern
2) Follow a cephalocaudal pattern (means head to toe)
3) Proceed in a proximodistal pattern (means center of body outward)
4) Simple skills develop separately and independently
5) Each body system grows at its own rate
6) Body system functions become increasingly differentiated over time
Who is known for developing the Psychoanalytic Theory?
Sigmund Freud
What does the Psychoanalytic Theory focus on?
the motivation for human behavior and personality development
What did Freud believe maintains human development?
What are 3 examples of this concept?
Instinctual drives examples: 1) libido 2) aggression 3) survival
Id, Ego, Superego: Which represents instinctual urges, pleasure, and gratification? We are born with it.
Id
What age groups have a dominant id?
infants, young children, older children, and adults who cannot control their urges
Id, Ego, Superego: Which begins to develop around 4 to 6 months and is thought to represent reality?
Ego
What is the name of the force that balances what is wanted (id) and what is possible to obtain or achieve?
Ego
Id, Ego, Superego: Which is sometimes referred to as the conscience?
Superego
Id, Ego, Superego: Which develops in early childhood as a result of the internalization of primary caregiver responses to environmental events?
Superego
The _______ _______ is composed of thoughts and memories that are not readily recalled but unconsciously influence behavior.
unconscious mind
Defense mechanisms protect us from ________ _______.
excess anxiety
What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development as identified by Freud?
1) Oral
2) Anal
3) Phallic
4) Latency
5) Genital
Who developed the Cognitive Development Theory?
Jean Piaget
According to Piaget, cognitive development requires 3 core competencies. What are these?
1) adaptation
2) assimilation
3) accommodation
What are the 4 stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?
1) Sensorimotor
2) Preoperational
3) Concrete Operations
4) Formal Operations
Who is the author of the Psychosocial Development Theory?
Eric Erikson
Name the 8 stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory.
1) Trust vs. Mistrust
2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
3) Initiative vs. Guilt
4) Industry vs. Inferiority
5) Identity vs. Role Confusion
6) Intimacy vs. Isolation
7) Generativity vs. Stagnation
8) Ego Integrity vs. Despair
The first 8 weeks after conception is called the _______ phase.
embryonic
All organs of an embryo are formed by which week of gestation?
week 8
The gestational period takes place from ______ to ______.
conception to birth
The neonatal period takes place from ______ to _____ days.
birth to 28 days
Infancy takes place from ___ month to ___ year.
1 month to 1 year
Toddlerhood takes place from ___ to ___ years.
1 to 3 years
Preschool takes place from ___ to ___ years.
4 to 5 years
School-age takes place from ___ to ___ years.
6 to 12 years
Adolescence takes place from ___ to ___ years.
12 to 18 years
Young adulthood takes place from ___ to ___ years.
19 to 40 years
Middle adulthood takes place from ___ to ___ years.
40 to 64 years
What is the #1 stress to a newborn?
cold
T/F: One way we can see if a baby’s central nervous system is working is when the baby pees/poops.
True
What 9 reflexes are commonly looked for at birth to assess neuromuscular development? (pp. 173-174 from the text)
1) Rooting
2) Sucking
3) Swallowing
4) Grasp
5) Tonic or Fencing
6) Moro or Startle
7) Stepping
8) Crawling
9) Babinski
T/F: Babies can see full color when they are born.
False!
Babies only see black and white for the first 3 months after birth.
What are some common health concerns for preschool/school-age children in the US, specifically the South?
- childhood obesity
- diabetes
- asthma (this is a problem in the south)
Health concerns for the adolescent?
- drugs, alcohol, smoking
- depression, suicide
- eating disorders
- cutting
- pregnancy
- learning to drive
Health concerns for the young adult?
- STD’s
- Cancer screenings
Health concerns for the middle adult?
- menopause/low testosterone
- worsening HTN
- higher obesity
- cardiovascular disesases
- COPD
