T's Flashcards
Tariff of Abominations
a bill passed by Congress in 1828 that was so named by bitter Southerners because it originally was supported by Southern congressmen so as to embarrass the Adams administration, but in its final form, it included higher import duties for many goods that were bought by Southern planters
General Zachary Taylor
(nicknamed “Old Rough and Ready”) the commander of American forces that took up a position in the territory disputed by Mexico and the United States, in southern Texas
Tea Act of 1773
a law passed by the British Parliament granting the British East India Company concessions, allowing it to ship tea directly to the colonies rather than only by way of Britain
Tecumseh
the Shawnee chief who set out with a sizeable force of warriors to unite the Mississippi Valley tribes and reestablish Indian dominance in the Old Northwest
Ten Percent Plan
part of President Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction; included the stipulation that Southerners, except for high-ranking rebel officials, could take an oath promising future loyalty to the Union and acceptance of the end of slavery; when the number of those who had taken this oath within any one state reached 10 percent of the number who had been registered to vote in that state in 1860, a loyal state government could be formed
Tennessee
admitted as a state in the Union in 1796
Tenure of Office Act
an 1867 law forbidding President Andrew Johnson to dismiss cabinet members without the Senate’s permission, which Johnson violated that same year, with the result that he was impeached by the House of Representatives and came within one vote of being removed by the Senate
Texas
a state that became part of the Republic of Mexico in 1822; by 1835, it had been settled by approximately 35,000 Americans, and in 1836, it proclaimed independence from Mexico and declared itself a republic; along with New Mexico and California, its status in relation to American expansion and the issue of slavery became an ongoing source of concern to American politicians
Thirteenth Amendment
the 1865 amendment to the Constitution that officially abolished slavery
Henry David Thoreau
a mid-nineteenth century American writer best known for “Walden,” which repudiated the repression of society and preached civil disobedience to protest unjust laws
Three-Fifths Compromise
a plan that reconciled the North-South disagreement over the issue of slavery by having the Constitution neither endorse nor condemn slavery and by counting each slave as three-fifths of a person for purposes of apportioning representation and direct taxation on the states
Three-pronged attack
the U.S. strategy in the Mexican-American War that involved a land movement westward through New Mexico into California, a sea movement against California, and a land movement southward into Mexico; despite the success of all three parts of this strategy, Mexico refused to negotiate
Threshing machine
an invention of Jerome Case in 1842 that multiplied the bushels of grain that could be separated from the stalk in a day’s time
Townshend Acts
laws by the British Parliament in 1766 that included taxes on items imported into the American colonies and the use of admiralty courts to try those accused of violations, the use of writs of assistance, and the paying of customs officials from the fines they levied; repealed in 1780, except for taxes on tea
Townshend Duties
taxes imposed by the British Parliament in 1776 on items imported into the American colonies
Trail of Tears
resulting from President Jackson’s policies, the forced march, under U.S. Army escort, of thousands of Cherokees to the West, during which a quarter or more of the Indians, mostly women and children, perished
Transcendentalism
a branch of European Romanticism whose advocates wanted to transcend the bounds of the intellect and strive for emotional understanding, to attain unity with God, without the help of the institutional church, which they saw as reactionary and stifling to self-expression; in the United States, the movement began in Concord, Massachusetts, in the mid-nineteenth century
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
the 1748 agreement in which the British gave Louisborg, which had been captured by an all-New-England army in 1745, back to France in exchange for lands in India
Treaty of Ghent
the 1814 agreement that ended the European wars and provided for the acceptance of the status quo at the beginning of hostilities; thus, both sides restored their wartime conquests to the other
Treaty of Greenville
an agreement that cleared the Ohio territory of Indian tribes after General Anthony Wayne decisively defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
the 1848 agreement that ended the Mexican-American War whereby Mexico ceded to the United States the territory that Polk had originally sought to buy, called the “Mexican Cession,” which included the natural harbors at San Francisco and San Diego, thus giving the United States all three of the major west-coast natural harbors
Treaty of Paris of 1763
the agreement that officially ended hostilities in the French and Indian War by which Britain gained all of Canada and all of what is now the United States east of the Mississippi River, with France losing all of its North American holdings
Treaty of Paris of 1783
the final agreement to the War of Independence, in which, among other terms, the United States was recognized as an independent nation by the major European powers, including Britain
Treaty of Tordesillas
the 1494 treaty between Spain and Portugal by which the Line of Demarcation was moved farther west, resulting in Brazil eventually becoming a Portugese colony, which Spain maintained claims to the rest of the Americans
Treaty of Utrecht
the agreement that ended Queen Anne’s War and whose terms gave Britain major territorial gains and trade advantages
Troy Female Seminary
the first state-supported school for women, founded in 1839 in Troy, New York
Harriet Tubman
a member of the underground railroad who led over 300 members of her family and friends to freedom after she herself had escaped
Nat Turner
an educated slave and minister who led a bloody slave uprising in 1831; after being captured, he confessed, was tried and executed
Turnpikes
a network of privately-owned toll roads that began around 1818 and reached out from every sizeable city in the United States
Twelfth Amendment
adopted and ratified in 1804, a plan ensuring that a tie vote between candidates of the same party could not again cause the confusion of the Jefferson-Burr affair
John Tyler
the vice president under William Henry Harrison who became president when Harrison died after serving just one month of his term; he was a states’ rights Southerner and a strict constitutionalist who had been placed on the Whig ticket to draw Southern votes; upon becoming president, Tyler rejected the entire Whig program of a national bank, high protective tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements
