T-cells

Question 1

What is the co-stimulatory signal found on T-cells

Answer 1

CD28 receptor on Cd4+ t cells, and the b7 ligand found on antigen presenting cells

Question 2

What is anergy, and what occurs when it happens?

Answer 2

Anergy is the process where T cells are no longer responsive to antigen stimulation because there is no secondary signal

IT IS A SELF TOLERANCE INDUCTION???

Question 3

What is the function of IL-2 in t-cells

Answer 3

Involved in T-cell proliferation

Question 4

What role do CD3 proteins play in T-cell activation?

Answer 4

CD3 resides on the t-cell membrane, and elicits signal transduction using ITAMS

Question 5

Is CD 28 a receptor or a ligand?

Answer 5

A receptor on T cells!

Question 6

What is the role on CD40 IN T-cell binding?

Answer 6

The DC40 ligand arises from the is found on helper t cells, and binds to CD40 on macrophages and b-cells

-This strengthens the bond between CD-28 receptors on t-cell and b7 ligand

Question 7

What is the role of INF gamma and what does it produce?

Answer 7

IFN is produce by Th1 cells, and activate macrophages to engulf bacteria

Question 8

What does IFN gamma inhibit

Answer 8

Th2!

Question 9

What do Th2 produce? What do they stimulate and block?

Answer 9

IL 4- E to A class switching, eosinophil production, promote b-cell growth
IL 5- stimulate Ig-A production, eosinophiles
IIL-6 - pro inflammatory, b cells maturation
IL-10- inhbibitory against APCs
-IL-4 blocks Th1

Question 10

What doe T-17 secrete?

Answer 10

IL-17, IL22 (anti-inflammatory/antifungal)

Question 11

How does a dendritic cell stimulate t-cell diffrentiation?

Answer 11

It phagocytes the the microbe, and depending on that microbe (tlrs) it will direct the t cell to differentiate.

Question 12

What cytokines block TH17?

Answer 12

INF-gamma, Il-4

Question 13

What are the two ways tha CD4 cells stimulate CD8 cells?

Answer 13

CD4s produce cytokines that help in B cell proliferation (IL4, IL-6)
AND
They enhance ability to APCs to help B-cells proliferate

Question 14

Do CD8 cells also gave CD 28 receptors?

Answer 14

YES!

Question 15

What are the enzymes that CTLS inject to cause apoptosis

Answer 15

Granzymes and Perforin

Question 16

What is a one strategy for immunosuppression in transplants?

Answer 16

Blocking T-cell activation

Question 17

Describe the mechanism of DiGeorge Syndrome:

Answer 17

Lack of a thymus

- heart defects, low calcium, low t-cells .

Question 18

Are B cell defects of T cell Defects harder to treat?

Answer 18

T cell defects because t cell help b-cell proliferate.

Question 19

What are the combined immune defiency disorders?

Answer 19

SCID and and Winscott Algdridge disease ( abnormal platelets)

Question 20

What are are the 3 hallmarks of DiGeorge Syndrome?

Answer 20

cardiac issues, underdeveloped thymus, low calcium level

Question 21

What is the genetic deletion that cause Digeorge Syndrome?

Answer 21

22q11.2

Question 22

What are mitogens?

Answer 22

Proteins that stimulate mitosis

Question 23

What is the outcome of partial DiGeorge?

Answer 23

they will likely ok, since some t-cells are still being made

Question 24

What are stages of erythrocyte development?

Answer 24

Protoerthyrocyte
Basophilic Erythroblast
Polychromatic Erythroblast
Orthochromatic Erythroblast
Reticulocyte, 
Eryhtrocyte

Question 25

What are the stages of granulocyte development?

Answer 25

Myeloblast 
Promyelocyte
Neutrophilic Myelocyte 
Neutrophilic Metamyelocyte 
Neutrophilic Stab cell 
Neutrophil