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Immunology > T-Cell Mediated Immunity -- Regulation and Termination > Flashcards

T-Cell Mediated Immunity -- Regulation and Termination Flashcards

1
Q

How do antigens get to the lymphatics?

A

Dendritic cells take up bacterial antigens in the skin and move to lymphatic vessels.
DCs with antigen enter the noce and settle in T-cell areas.

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2
Q

Following exposure to antigen, dendritic cells will transition from…

A

phagocytic to antigen presenting.

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3
Q

How are endocytosed bacteria typically presented?

A

MHC Class II

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4
Q

How can viral antigens spread from one dendritic cell to another?

A

Vesicle Fusion

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5
Q

How do antigens that cross present viruses after phagocytic uptake get presented?

A

MHC Class I

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6
Q

How do antigens get to Ts from skin infection?

A

Dendritics pick up, undergo maturation, and migrate to periph. LN

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7
Q

How do antigens get to Ts from the blood?

A

They get trapped by DCs in the spleen

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8
Q

How do antigens get from the mucosal tissues to the Ts?

A

Collected in tonsils, peyer’s patch, appendix, mesenteric LN

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9
Q

How do native T cells get into LNs

A

High Endothelial Venules or Upstream LNs

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10
Q

What lets Naive Ts hold onto HEVs?

A

L-selectin

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11
Q

What happens to naive T cells who enter a node and don’t match anything on?

A

They hit the efferent lymphatic vessel and move on

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12
Q

Four steps in T cell homing process?

A

Rolling
Chemokine
Firm Adhesion
Diapedesis/Extravasation

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13
Q

What bonding occurs in the rolling stage?

A

L-Selectin (tcell) binds onto host Gly-CAM-1 and CD-34

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14
Q

What boding occurs in the chemokine phase?

A

CCR7 + SLC/ELC

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15
Q

What bonding is important in the firm adhesion stage?

A

LFA-1 binds onto integrins (es. ICAM-1)

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16
Q

CD4 T cell LFA-1 binds…

A

ICAM1/2

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17
Q

CD4 T cell CD2 binds…

A

LFA-3

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18
Q

CD4 T cell CD4 binds…

A

MHCII

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19
Q

CD4 T cell TCR/CD3 binds…

A

MHCII/Peptide

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20
Q

CD4 T cell CD28 is required for…

A

B7-1/B7-2

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21
Q

TCR/CD3:MHCI binding activates….

A

T Cell through PIP/DAG/IP3

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22
Q

Value of integrins?

A

TCR/MHC requires its stability

Both directly and indirectly enhances T Cell Reaction

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23
Q

Which integrins are on the T cell?

A

ICAM-3, CD2

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24
Q

Relationship of TCR/MHC and LFA-1 bond?

A
  1. Weak bond btw T’s LFA and DC ICAM-1
  2. Stabilizes TCR MHC bond
  3. Bonding signals LFA-1 conformational change that increases affinity and prolongs contact.
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25
Most important co-receptor bond?
T cell CD 28 must bind to DC B7
26
B7 can bind to what two molecules (with what purpose)
CD28 (Initiation) | CTLA4 (Termination)
27
Who expresses CTLA4?
Activated Ts
28
Three cytokines important for DC maturation.
TNF-alpha IL6 IFN-gamma
29
What happens when TCR activation happens without CD28?
Anergy
30
Can cells return from anergy?
No
31
Who expresses B7?
Only Pro Antigen Presenting cells | DCs, B Cells, Macrophages
32
Which cells are most important for turning Ts on?
DCs
33
How are antigens picked up by the three types of APCs?
DCs - Macropino+Phago Macro - Phago B Cells - Ig Receptor
34
Other than LNs, where can the APCs be found?
DC - Connective Tissue + Epithelium Macro - Connective Tissue+ Body Cavities B Cells -- Peripheral Blood
35
DCs are good at presenting...
Bacterial and Viral Antigens
36
Macrophages are good at presenting....
Extracellular Bacteria
37
B cells are good at presenting...
Soluble Antigen
38
What induces dendritic cell maturation?
Bacterial products such as LPS, Cell Wall, and Cytos like TNF-alpha
39
Can mature DCs act as phagocytes?
No.
40
TCR associated steps in T cell activation.
``` Binding of MHC to TCR Stabilize by CD4 binding to MHC LCK Ps ITAM ZAP70 binds P'd ITAMS ZAP 70 P'd by Lck ```
41
Describe the intracellular events of T cell activation.
ZAP70 activated phospholipase gamma (PLC-gamma) PLC cleave PIP2 to DAG and IP3 DAG and IP3 promote NFkB, NFAT, and AP-1 expression Cell division and differentiation
42
What does DAG do in T cell activation?
Activates PK-C -> Activated NfkB | Activates RasGRP -> Turns on MAP kinase cascade that activates Fos, and in turn AP-1
43
What does IP3 do in T cell activation?
Increases intracellular Ca High Ca activates Calcineurin Calcineurin turns on NFAT
44
T cell activation promotes production of what cytokine?
IL-2
45
How do cyclosporin A and FK506 suppress immune response?
Blocking NFAT activation, an thus Il-2 production.
46
What does Il-2 do?
Inc. T cell prolif. B cell prolif NK prolif
47
How do integrins change in activated Ts?
VLA4 shows up to bind VCAM 1 (CD49d-C29)
48
Naive or activated: Who displays L selectin?
Naive
49
Naive or activated: Who displays VLA-4?
Activated
50
Naive or activated: Who displays CD45RA?
Naive
51
Naive or activated: Who displays CD45RO?
Activated
52
Cytokines produced by TH1?
IFN-g, IL-2
53
What do TH1 cells promote?
Cell Mediated Immunity
54
Cytokines produced by TH2?
IL-4, 5, | also IL-2, 3, 9, 13
55
What do TH2 cells promote?
Humoral Immunity
56
What do TH17 cells promote?
Inflammation in multiple tissues
57
What cytokines do TH17 cells produce?
IL-17, 22
58
Who promotes TH1 polarization? | Inhibits it?
IL-12, IFN-g | IL-4, 10
59
Who polarizes TH2 cells? Inhibits?
IL4 | IFN-g
60
Who polarizes TH17? | Inhibits?
IL-1, 6, 23 | IL-4, IFN-g
61
What cell type promotes IgE?
TH2
62
Prevalent marker for Treg, Th1, and Th2
Treg -- FoxP3 Th1 -- T-bet Th2 -- GATA-3
63
Tregs suppress _____ via _____
TH1/TH2 | TGF-b and IL-10
64
Who makes the Il4 to induce TH2?
Mast Cells
65
Who makes the IL-1 to induce TH1
APC
66
Cytotoxins used by CD8
Perforin Granzymes Granulysin
67
What are T-follicular helper cells
T's specialized in Helping B Cells | Stay in LN producing IL-21
68
What do Th17 cells do?
Enhance neutrophil response to fungal and extracellular bacteria
69
What do IFN-g and CD40s do?
Activate mac
70
What do TNF-a and LT from TH1 do?
Activate endothelium to induce mac adhesion and exit from vessel
71
Two cell types that release CXCL2 to cause macro. acc.
TH1 and Th17
72
Five functions of the cell mediated immune response?
1. control intracellular pathogens/tumor 2. Mediate transplant rejection 3. Mediate type 4 sens. 4. Granuloma Formation 5. Chronic Inflammation
73
Four macrophages surface markers
C3b receptor LFA-1 Fc Receptor MHC II
74
TH1 Cell: Who activates? What do they make? What do they do?
DC Il-12 Produce IFN-g Activate CD8, NK, and Macro
75
How do CD8 T cells kill bad guys? (4)
TNF-b perforin Granzymes FAS
76
What turns NKs on?
IL-2, 12, IFN-g
77
Macrophages produce what cytokines?
IL-2, 10, 1, 6, TNFa, IFNa
78
What turns CD8 Ts on?
IL-2, 12, IFN-g
79
When do CD8 T cells need CD28? When don't they?
Need CD28 to become effector cells | Don't need CD28 to kill target cells, just MHC1
80
TCR activation causes what structural change in CD8?
Polarization to target lytic granules
81
Explain two ways in which CD8 activation may occur? What is the key cytokine in this interaction?
Strong enough bonding to DC can activate Bonding of CD4 and 8 IL-2 drives T differentiation and proliferation
82
What do inflamed endothelial cells express to recruit effectors?
P- and E- selectins
83
What assay is used to assess cell killing activity of CD8 T cells
51Cr Release Assay
84
Cell type that turns up Macrophage microbicidal-ness
TH1
85
What is a granuloma?
Aggregated infected epithelioid macrophages frequently seen in infection and inflammation
86
Purpose of granuloma formation?
Defense mechanism to limit spread of pathogens/foreign substances
87
Common granuloma former?
Tuberculosis
88
Four activities promoted by IFN-g
Macrophage Activation Isotype switching to complement-fixers Th1 Development Increased MHC Antigen Presentation
89
Role's of TH2's -- IL4? IL5? IL-4/10?
IL4-Induce IgE + neutralizing G IL-5 - Induce Eosinphil 4/10 - Suppress Macro
90
Two types of leprosy?
Tuberculoid and Lepromatous
91
Difference between tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy?
Tub turns on TH1s Lep turns on TH2 Since 2s don't turn on macrophages, fatality
92
Other name for Tregs?
FoxP3+
93
Tregs express what four things?
FoxP3, CD4, CD25, CTLA4
94
What happens if you don't have Tregs?
Autoimmune Diseases in Multiple Organs
95
TH17 - What induces? Inhibits? What do they Produce? Why?
Induce -- 1, 6, 23 Inhibit -- 2, 4, IFN-g Produce -- IL17, 22 Impt. for fighting bac and esp. fungal infections
96
How does stress modulate the immune system?
Acts as an immunosuppressant via testosterone/estradiol/progesterone and cortisol

Immunology (10 decks)

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