Inflammation #2 Flashcards
Early inflammatory mediators?
Histamine, Plasma Proteins, Eicosanoids
late inflammatory mediators?
Cytokines, Growth Factors
Three (broad) ways in which inflammation can be inhibited?
Blocking mediator synthesis
Block mediator receptor
Anti-mediator block antibodies
How can mast cells release so quickly?
They’re full of pre-formed histamine
Types of serum proteins involved in inflamm response
Complement proteins
Coagulation proteins
Kinins (pain)
Why is only low-dose aspirin useful?
Inhibits only thromboxane without inhibiting prostacyc.
Two important Arachadonic acid metabolites of inflammation
Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
What do the AA metabolites to (in general)
Help maintain inflammatory state over hours-days
Where is AA found?
How is it released?
Cell membranes
Cleavage by phospholipases
AA is located in the ____ position in phosopholipids
2nd
Two ways that AA clevage can go down?
- Clevage by PLA2
2. Clevage by PLC, DAG lipase
Cells with what enzyme make prostaglandins? Which cell types?
Cyclo-oxygenase
Mac (PGE/F), Platelets (Thromboxane), Endothelials (Prostacyclin)
Cells with what enzymes make leukotrienes? Which cell types?
Lipoxygenase
Neutro (LTB4)
Mast Cells (LTC, D, E)
LTC, LTD, and LTE are also called
Slow Reacting Substrate of Anaphylaxis (SRSA)
What happens with SRSAs hit the circulation?
Anaphylactic Shock
Asprin/NSAIDs inhibit…
Cyclo-oxygenase
Prostagandins made by macros?
PGD and PGE/F
Who makes LTB4? What does it do?
Neutrophils to recruit more neutrophils
Why might a person use a leukotriene inhibitor? Why might this be a problem?
To treat asthma/allergies
Increased infection from LTB4/neutrophil block
Inflammatory cytokines may serve as _____ or ____
Chemokines
GFs
Which one is T cell growth factor?
IL2
Macrophage inflammatory cytokines?
IL-1
TNF-a
IL-6
Systemic effects of inflammation?
Fever, APP synthesis, Inc. in WBCs
Two listed types of Acute Phase Proteins?
C-reactive
Mannose-binding lectin
What does C-reactive protein do?
Binds to cell surfaces and results in increased complement binding
What does mannose-bindin lectin do?
Activates alternate completment pathway
Chemokines share two ________ ________.
Conserved Cysteines
CC or CXC chemokines
Who is the protoptype CXC Chemokine? What does it do?
IL-8
From Mac, Endo
Usef in neutrophil chemotaxis
What do RANTES and MIP-1 cause?
Eosinophil chemotaxis
What does MCP-1 do?
Monocyte chemotaxis
Mast cell release
Well known inflammatory growth factors.
Colony Stimulating Factors
FGF
VEGF
Adhesion molecules are activated in inflammation by
LTB4, C5A, HIS – P-sel
IL1, TNF – E Sel
IL-8 – Neu
Signalling pathway used by Toll-Like Receptors?
NFkB signaling
Systemic activation of inflammation can occur in a
cytokine storm
What is Septic Shock
Systemic inflammatory rxn from bacteremia with an organism expressing LPS or LOS
What is Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome?
Overproduction of Inflamm. cytokines and mediators
Important role of IL-4
IgE, Mast Cell, and EOSINOPHIL activation
Important role of IL-5
IgA and promoter or EOSINOPHILS
What does IFN-g do?
Activate Macro Induce MHC I/II Granuloma Fomration Enhances Adherance Inhib TH2
What causes granulomas?
Specific immune response to persistent infection of macrophages. CD4 mediated
Defining cell of a granuloma?
Epithelioid Cell – Flattened plump macrophages
