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systems- living connections Flashcards

1
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

Consists of the skeletal system and skeletal muscle system to help protect the inner organs and enable the body to move

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2
Q

skeletal system

A

Consists of the bones and joints

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3
Q

skeletal muscle system

A

Voluntary or striated muscle

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4
Q

skeleton

A

The bones or shell of an animal to support it as well as allowing movement

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5
Q

bones

A

Pieces of hard tissues that make up the skeleton or vertebrate

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6
Q

bone marrow

A

A substance inside the bone in which blood is made

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7
Q

cartilage

A

A waxy, whitish, flexible substance that lines or connects bone joints or, in some animals such as sharks, replaces bone as the supporting skeletal tissue. The ears and tips of noses of people are shaped by
cartilage.

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8
Q

calcium

A

An element occurring in limestone, chalk, also present in vertebrates and other animals as a component of bone, shell etc. It is necessary for nerve conduction, heartbeat, muscle contraction and many other physiological functions.

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9
Q

phosphorus

A

A substance that plays an important role in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Together with calcium, it is required by the body to maintain healthy bones and teeth.

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10
Q

minerals

A

Any of the inorganic elements that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods

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11
Q

ossification

A

Hardening the bones

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12
Q

brittle

A

Breaks easliy into many pieces

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13
Q

joints

A

Region where two bones meet

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14
Q

ligaments

A

Band of tough tissue that connects the ends of bones or keeps an organ in place

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15
Q

synovial fluid

A

The liquid inside the cavity surrounding a joint that helps bones to slide freely over each other

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16
Q

pivot joint

A

Joint that allows a tsisting movement

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17
Q

hinge joints

A

Joints in which two bones are connected so that movement occurs in one plane only

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18
Q

ball and socket joints

A

Joints where the rounded end of one bone fits into the hollow end of another

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19
Q

immovable joints

A

Joints that allow no movement except when absorbing a hard blow

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20
Q

muscles

A

Tissue consisting of cells that can shorten

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21
Q

involuntary muscles

A

Muscles not under the control of the will; they contract slowly and rhythmically. These muscles are at work in the heart, intestines and lungs.

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22
Q

voluntary muscles

A

Muscle attached to bones; it moves the bones by contracting and is controlled by an animal’s thoughts

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23
Q

tendons

A

Tough rope-like tissue connecting a muscle to a bone

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24
Q

greenstick fracture

A

A break that is not completely through the bone, often seen in children

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25
Q

fracture

A

A break in a bone

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26
Q

stem cells

A

Undeveloped cells found in blood and bone marrow

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27
Q

osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone mass that causes bones to become lighter, more fragile and easily broken

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28
Q

sprains

A

Injury caused by tearing a ligament

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29
Q

arthritis:

A

A condition in which inflammation of the joints causes them to swell and become painful

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30
Q

tennis elbow

A

An injury due to strain or overuse that causes the elbow’s lining to become inflamed and painful

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31
Q

torn hamstrings

A

A common sporting injury caused by overstretching the hamstring muscle, which joins the pelvis to the knee
joint

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32
Q

erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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33
Q

leucocytes

A

White blood cells

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34
Q

plasma

A

The yellowish, liquid part of blood that contains water, minerals, food and wastes from cells

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35
Q

red blood cells

A

Living cells in the blood that transport oxygen to all other living cells in the body

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36
Q

haemoglobin

A

The red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen

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37
Q

oxyhaemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin with oxygen molecules attached

38
Q

white blood cells

A

Living cells that fight bacteria and viruses as part of the human body’s immune system

39
Q

platelets

A

Small bodies involved in blood clotting. They are responsible for healing by clumping together around a wound.

40
Q

circulatory system

A

The body system that circulates oxygen in blood to all the cells of the body. The circulatory system consists of the heart, the blood vessels and blood.

41
Q

arteries

A

Hollow tubes (vessels) with thick walls carrying blood pumped from the heart to other body parts

42
Q

capillaries

A

Minute tubes carrying blood to body cells. Every cell of the body is supplied with blood through capillaries.

43
Q

veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. They have valves and thinner walls than arteries.

44
Q

oxygenated blood

A

Describes the bright red blood that has been supplied with oxygen in the lungs

45
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

Describes blood from which some oxygen has been removed

46
Q

vena cava

A

Large vein leading into the top right chamber of the

heart

47
Q

left atrium

A

Upper left section of the heart where oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the heart

48
Q

right atrium

A

Upper right section of the heart where deoxygenated blood from the body enters

49
Q

left ventricle

A

Lower left section of the heart, which pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

50
Q

right ventricle

A

Lower right section of the heart, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

51
Q

valves

A

Flap-like folds in the lining of a blood vessel or other hollow organ that allow a liquid, such as blood, to flow in one direction only

52
Q

lub dub

A

The sound made by the heart valves as they close

53
Q

blood pressure

A

Measures how strongly the blood is pumped through the body’s main arteries

54
Q

cardiac muscle

A

Special kind of muscle in the heart that never tires. It is involved in pumping blood through the heart.

55
Q

pacemaker

A

Electronic device inserted in the chest to keep the heart beating regularly at the correct rate. It works by stimulating the heart with tiny electrical impulses.

56
Q

pulse

A

Alternating contraction and expansion of arteries due to the pumping of blood by the heart

57
Q

heartbeat

A

Contraction of the heart muscle occurring about 60–100 times per minute

58
Q

diastolic pressure

A

The lower blood pressure reading during relaxation of the heart muscles

59
Q

systolic pressure

A

The higher blood pressure reading during contraction of the heart muscles

60
Q

oxygen

A

A gas in the air (and water) that animals need to breathe in; made up of particles with two oxygen atoms. Plants produce oxygen as part of photosynthesis.

61
Q

cellular respiration

A

The chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

62
Q

glucose

A

A simple carbohydrate and the simplest form of sugar

63
Q

carbon dioxide

A

A gas in the air produced by respiration and used by plants as part of photosynthesis. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.

64
Q

epiglottis

A

Leaf-like flap of cartilage behind the tongue that closes the air passage during swallowing

65
Q

respiratory system

A

The body system involving the lungs and associated structures, which take in air and supply the blood with oxygen to deliver to the body’s cells so they can carry out their essential functions; it also performs gas exchange to remove the waste gas carbon dioxide

66
Q

trachea

A

Narrow tube from the mouth to the lungs through which air moves

67
Q

lungs

A

The organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

68
Q

bronchi

A

The narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli in the respiratory system. Singular = bronchus.

69
Q

bronchioles

A

Small branching tubes in the lungs leading from the two larger bronchi to the alveoli

70
Q

alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs at the ends of the narrowest tubes. Oxygen moves from alveoli into the surrounding blood vessels, in exchange for carbon dioxide.

71
Q

pulmonary vein

A

The vessel through which oxygenated blood travels from your lungs to the heart

72
Q

aorta

A

A large artery through which oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the left ventricle of the heart to the body

73
Q

arterioles

A

Vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillaries

74
Q

venules

A

Small veins

75
Q

pulmonary artery

A

The vessel through which deoxygenated blood, carrying wastes from respiration, travels from the heart to the lungs

76
Q

diaphragm

A

flexible, dome-shaped, muscular layer separating the chest and the abdomen. It is involved in breathing.

77
Q

breathing

A

Movement of muscles in the chest causing air to enter the lungs and the altered air in the lungs to leave. The air entering the lungs contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than the air leaving the lungs.

78
Q

vital capacity

A

The largest volume of air that can be breathed in or out at one time

79
Q

excretion

A

removal of waste from the body

80
Q

skin

A

external covering of the animal body

81
Q

lungs

A

the organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

82
Q

liver

A

the largest gland in the body. The liver secretes bile for the digestion of fats, builds proteins from amino acids, breaks down many substances harmful to the body and has many other essential functions.

83
Q

kidney

A

body organs that filter the blood, removing urea and other wastes

84
Q

nephrons

A

the filtration and excretory units of the kidney

85
Q

bladder

A

the sac that stores urine

86
Q

urethra

A

tube through which urine is emptied from the bladder to the outside of the body

87
Q

ureters

A

tubes from each kidney that carry urine to the bladder

88
Q

urine

A

yellowish liquid, produced in the kidneys. It is mostly water and contains waste products from the blood such as urea, ammonia and uric acid.

89
Q

urination

A

passing of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

90
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

a cup-like structure at one end of a nephron within the kidney, surrounding the glomerulus. It serves as a filter to remove wastes and excess water.

91
Q

glomerulus

A

a cluster of capillaries in the kidney that acts as a filter to remove wastes and excess water

92
Q

heomodialysis

A

the process of passing blood through a machine to remove wastes

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