2018 sem2 revision Flashcards
1
Q
molecules
A
It is two or more atoms connected together to make a small particle
2
Q
organelles
A
A small structure in our cells that has a special function to do
3
Q
cells
A
It is the smallest unit of life, it is the blocking blocks of all living things. They come in different size and shape it can also be a one-celled organisation
4
Q
tissue
A
It is a group of cells that perform the same function
5
Q
systems
A
A group of organs working together to perform a function
6
Q
cellular respiration
A
It is the process in which the chemical reaction of the oxygen is moving the energy from glucose into the compound ATP, the body can be able to use the energy from ATP
7
Q
respiratory system
A
It is the lungs taking in oxygen and supplying the blood with oxygen to deliver it to the cells, it then goes around and supplies the different organs with oxygen. It performs gas exchange by taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide
8
Q
circulatory system
A
The body circulates the oxygen in the blood around the cells of the body, it contains the heart that pumps the blood, blood vessels are used to carry the blood in and out of the heart
9
Q
blood cells
A
It is cells in the blood that have special functions
10
Q
blood vessels
A
It contains the veins, arties and capillaries, it is how the blood flows throughout the body
11
Q
capillaries
A
It is minute tubes that carry blood to the diffrernt body cells, every cell that go through capillaries are suppled with blood
12
Q
aries
A
It is hollow tubes that carry blood from the heart to the different organs in the body
13
Q
heart
A
It is a muscluar organ that pumps blood throught the body, it pumps blood so that oxygen and nutrients can be transported throughout the body and takes away waste
14
Q
veins
A
They are small tubes contaning valves and thinner walls then arties that takes blood back to the heart
15
Q
digestive system
A
it is a complex system that takes in food and brakes it down to take the nutrients so that the body can have it
16
Q
excretory system
A
It is a group of organs that removes waste form the body
17
Q
Musculoskeletal system
A
It consists of the skeletal system that contains the set of bones and joints. The skeletal muscle system works together with the skeletal system to protect the internal organs, enables the body to move
18
Q
reproductive system
A
It is a body system that involves the reproductive organs and it is different from male and female
19
Q
endocrine system
A
It is a system that contains glands to produce secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate processes in different organs
20
Q
nervous system
A
It is a system of nerves that carry out messages throughout the body
21
Q
digestion
A
braking down food so that the nutrients can be absorbed
22
Q
mechanical digestion
A
It is digesting the food that uses physical factors, e.g chewing with the teeth
23
Q
chemical digestions
A
It is a chemical reaction changing food into smaller substances so it is absorbed into the bloodstream to be used in other parts of the body
24
Q
alimentary canal
A
It is the passage from the mouth to the anus, food digests as it moves through the canal
25
enzyme
They are chemicals that speed up reactions but are not used in the reaction
26
saliva
It is a watery substance in the mouth that helps break down food before swallowing
27
salivary glands
It is glands that produce saliva in the mouth
28
bolus
It is a round chewed up ball made in the mouth to help sallow better
29
esophagus
It is part of the digestive system, it is a tube connecting the mouth with the stomach
30
peristalsis
It is a process of moving the food down the esophagus by a action of muscles
31
cartilage
A waxy, whitish, flexible substance that lines or connects bone joints or, in some animals such as sharks, replaces bone as the supporting skeletal tissue. The ears and tips of noses of people are shaped by
cartilage.
32
bone marrow
A substance inside the bone in which blood is made
33
bones
Pieces of hard tissues that make up the skeleton or vertebrate
34
skeleton
The bones or shell of an animal to support it as well as allowing movement
35
skeletal muscle system
Voluntary or striated muscle
36
skeletal system
Consists of the bones and joints
37
calcium
An element occurring in limestone, chalk, also present in vertebrates and other animals as a component of bone, shell etc. It is necessary for nerve conduction, heartbeat, muscle contraction and many other physiological functions.
38
phosphorus
A substance that plays an important role in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Together with calcium, it is required by the body to maintain healthy bones and teeth.
39
minerals
Any of the inorganic elements that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods
40
ossification
Hardening the bones
41
brittle
Breaks easily into many pieces
42
joints
Band of tough tissue that connects the ends of bones or keeps an organ in place
43
synovial fluid
The liquid inside the cavity surrounding a joint that helps bones to slide freely over each other
44
pivot joint
Joint that allows a twisting movement
45
hinge joints
Joints in which two bones are connected so that movement occurs in one plane only
46
ball and socket joints
Joints where the rounded end of one bone fits into the hollow end of another
47
immovable joints
Joints that allow no movement except when absorbing a hard blow
48
muscles
Tissue consisting of cells that can shorten
49
involuntary muscles
Muscles not under the control of the will; they contract slowly and rhythmically. These muscles are at work in the heart, intestines and lungs.
50
voluntary muscles
Muscle attached to bones; it moves the bones by contracting and is controlled by an animal’s thoughts
51
tendons
Tough rope-like tissue connecting a muscle to a bone
52
greenstick fracture
A break that is not completely through the bone, often seen in children
53
fracture
A break in a bone
54
stem cells
Undeveloped cells found in blood and bone marrow
55
osteoporosis
Loss of bone mass that causes bones to become lighter, more fragile and easily broken
56
sprains
Injury caused by tearing a ligament
57
arthritis
A condition in which inflammation of the joints causes them to swell and become painful
58
erythrocytes
red blood cells
59
leukocytes
white blood cells
60
plasma
The yellowish, liquid part of blood that contains water, minerals, food and wastes from cells
61
red blood cells
Living cells in the blood that transport oxygen to all other living cells in the body
62
hemoglobin
The red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen
63
oxyhaemoglobin
Hemoglobin with oxygen molecules attached
64
white blood cells
Living cells that fight bacteria and viruses as part of the human body’s immune system
65
platelets
Small bodies involved in blood clotting. They are responsible for healing by clumping together around a wound.
66
oxygenated blood
Describes the bright red blood that has been supplied with oxygen in the lungs
67
deoxygenated blood
Describes blood from which some oxygen has been removed
68
vena cava
Large vein leading into the top right chamber of the
| heart
69
left atrium
Upper left section of the heart where oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the heart
70
right atrium
Upper right section of the heart where deoxygenated blood from the body enters
71
left ventricle
Lower left section of the heart, which pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body
72
right ventricle
Lower right section of the heart, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
73
valves
Flap-like folds in the lining of a blood vessel or other hollow organ that allow a liquid, such as blood, to flow in one direction only
74
lub dub
The sound made by the heart valves as they close
75
blood pressure
Measures how strongly the blood is pumped through the body’s main arteries
76
cardiac muscle
Special kind of muscle in the heart that never tires. It is involved in pumping blood through the heart.
77
pacemaker
Electronic device inserted in the chest to keep the heart beating regularly at the correct rate. It works by stimulating the heart with tiny electrical impulses.
78
pulse
Alternating contraction and expansion of arteries due to the pumping of blood by the heart
79
heartbeat
Contraction of the heart muscle occurring about 60–100 times per minute
80
diastolic pressure
The lower blood pressure reading during relaxation of the heart muscles
81
systolic pressure
The higher blood pressure reading during contraction of the heart muscles
82
oxygen
A gas in the air (and water) that animals need to breathe in; made up of particles with two oxygen atoms. Plants produce oxygen as part of photosynthesis.
83
cellular respiration
The chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.
84
glucose
A simple carbohydrate and the simplest form of sugar
85
epiglottis
Leaf-like flap of cartilage behind the tongue that closes the air passage during swallowing
86
carbon dioxide
A gas in the air produced by respiration and used by plants as part of photosynthesis. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.
87
trachea
Narrow tube from the mouth to the lungs through which air moves
88
lungs
The organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
89
bronchi
The narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli in the respiratory system. Singular = bronchus.
90
bronchioles
Small branching tubes in the lungs leading from the two larger bronchi to the alveoli
91
alveoli
Tiny air sacs in the lungs at the ends of the narrowest tubes. Oxygen moves from alveoli into the surrounding blood vessels, in exchange for carbon dioxide.
92
pulmonary vein
The vessel through which oxygenated blood travels from your lungs to the heart
93
aorta
A large artery through which oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the left ventricle of the heart to the body
94
arterioles
Vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillaries
95
venules
small veins
96
pulmonary artery
The vessel through which deoxygenated blood, carrying wastes from respiration, travels from the heart to the lungs
97
diaphragm
flexible, dome-shaped, muscular layer separating the chest and the abdomen. It is involved in breathing.
98
breathing
Movement of muscles in the chest causing air to enter the lungs and the altered air in the lungs to leave. The air entering the lungs contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than the air leaving the lungs.
99
vital capacity
The largest volume of air that can be breathed in or out at one time
100
excretion
removal of waste from the body
101
skin
external covering of the animal body
102
liver
the largest gland in the body. The liver secretes bile for the digestion of fats, builds proteins from amino acids, breaks down many substances harmful to the body and has many other essential functions.
103
kidney
body organs that filter the blood, removing urea and other wastes
104
nephrons
the filtration and excretory units of the kidney
105
bladder
the sac that stores urine
106
urethra
tube through which urine is emptied from the bladder to the outside of the body
107
ureters
tubes from each kidney that carry urine to the bladder
108
urine
yellowish liquid, produced in the kidneys. It is mostly water and contains waste products from the blood such as urea, ammonia and uric acid.
109
urination
passing of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
110
bowman's capsule
a cup-like structure at one end of a nephron within the kidney, surrounding the glomerulus. It serves as a filter to remove wastes and excess water.
111
glomerulus
a cluster of capillaries in the kidney that acts as a filter to remove wastes and excess water
112
heomodialysis
the process of passing blood through a machine to remove wastes
113
solid
A state of matter that has a shape and volume that does not change.
114
liquid
A state of matter that has a fixed volume but not shape
115
Gases
A state of matter that doesn't have a fixed amount of shape or volume
116
mass
The quantity of matter in an object (usually measured in grams or kilograms)
117
properties
A feature of a substance or object
118
diffusion
It is the spreading out of a substance due to the particles moving
119
volume
It is the amount of space the substance takes up
120
fluid
A substance that has no shape like a gas or liquid
121
particle model
It tells us that all particles are made up of matter and explains the properties of a liquid, gas, and solid
122
expand
increasing in size due to the particles moving outwards
123
contracts
becoming smaller in size due to particles becoming dense/cold
124
melting point
It is a tempertaure that a solid substance turns into a liquid
125
boiling point
It is a temperture that a liquid turns into a gas
126
precipitation
It is falling water in a liquid or solid form. It is usally in clouds or aound in the air
127
meteorologist
A scientist that steadies the weather a predits what will happen
128
alchemists
They are chemist that try to change different metal into metal
129
investigations
To find information about a situation
130
observations
Finding information by using our senses
131
elements
A pure substance that only made up of one atom
132
atoms
It is a very small particle that makes up things in the world
133
atomic number
It is a number of proton in the nucleus of an atom
134
physical properties
It is properties that can be observed using the five senses
135
chemical properties
properties that describe how different substance can be combined to form new or different chemicals
136
flammability
It is an indicator when something is about to catch on fire
137
reactivity
It is a measure of how a substance reacts
138
toxicity
A poisonous substance mixed with chemicals in your body that is harmful to your health
139
melting
When turning a solid into a liquid
140
evaporation
When liquid evaporates and turns into gas
141
freezing/solidification
Turning a liquid back into a solid at a cold temperature also known as solidification
142
condensation
when turning a gas back into a liquid
143
sublimation
The changing of a solid into a gas without turning into a liquid
144
deposition/desublimation
It is the reverse prosses of sublimation, changing a gas back into a solid without turning into a liquid
also known as desublimation
145
precipitate
A solid product of a chemical reaction that does not dissolve in water
146
products
It is a new chemical substance made from a chemical reaction
147
reactants
A chemical substance made up a chemical reaction
148
chemical reaction
It is a chemical change in two or more substance are produced
149
reaction rate
It is the speed of the chemical reaction that is taking place
150
catalyst
It is a chemical that helps or speeds up the chemical reaction
151
Rusting
It is the corrosion of iron
152
corrosion
A chemical reaction the wears away iron and other metals. oxygen and water both combine to rust metals
153
surface protection
A surface coat that protects the substance from corrosion
154
galvanising
It is covering a substance that will react to corrosion first
155
rust
A brown substance formed when metals have been corroded. iron+water+oxygen-rust
156
burning
mixing a substance with oxygen that in a flame
157
oxidation
a chemical reaction that involves losing electrons by a substance
158
fossil fuel
a substance that is coal, oil and natural gas it is formed by animal remains over millions of years. it is used for fuel to produce heat
159
combustion
the process of combining with oxygen and burning with flame
160
compounds
Substance made up of two or more different types of atoms that have been joined (bonded) together
161
mixtures
a combination of substances in which each keeps its own properties
162
bonded
force that holds particles of matter, such as atoms, together
163
hydrogen
The element with the smallest atom. By itself, it is a colourless gas and combines with other elements to form a large number of substances, including water. It is the most common element in living things.
164
metals
Elements that conduct heat and electricity; shiny solids that can be made into thin wires and sheets that bend easily. Mercury is the only liquid metal.
165
non-metals
Elements that do not conduct electricity or heat. They melt and turn into gases easily and are brittle and often coloured.
166
metalloids
Elements that have the appearance of metals but not all the other properties of metals
167
inert
Not reactive
168
noble gas
Elements in the last column of the periodic table. They are extremely inert gases.
169
molecules
Two or more atoms joined (bonded) together, forming a small particle
170
polymer
substance made by joining smaller identical units. All plastics are polymers.
