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science > 2018 sem2 revision > Flashcards

2018 sem2 revision Flashcards

1
Q

molecules

A

It is two or more atoms connected together to make a small particle

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2
Q

organelles

A

A small structure in our cells that has a special function to do

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3
Q

cells

A

It is the smallest unit of life, it is the blocking blocks of all living things. They come in different size and shape it can also be a one-celled organisation

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4
Q

tissue

A

It is a group of cells that perform the same function

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5
Q

systems

A

A group of organs working together to perform a function

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6
Q

cellular respiration

A

It is the process in which the chemical reaction of the oxygen is moving the energy from glucose into the compound ATP, the body can be able to use the energy from ATP

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7
Q

respiratory system

A

It is the lungs taking in oxygen and supplying the blood with oxygen to deliver it to the cells, it then goes around and supplies the different organs with oxygen. It performs gas exchange by taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide

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8
Q

circulatory system

A

The body circulates the oxygen in the blood around the cells of the body, it contains the heart that pumps the blood, blood vessels are used to carry the blood in and out of the heart

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9
Q

blood cells

A

It is cells in the blood that have special functions

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10
Q

blood vessels

A

It contains the veins, arties and capillaries, it is how the blood flows throughout the body

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11
Q

capillaries

A

It is minute tubes that carry blood to the diffrernt body cells, every cell that go through capillaries are suppled with blood

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12
Q

aries

A

It is hollow tubes that carry blood from the heart to the different organs in the body

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13
Q

heart

A

It is a muscluar organ that pumps blood throught the body, it pumps blood so that oxygen and nutrients can be transported throughout the body and takes away waste

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14
Q

veins

A

They are small tubes contaning valves and thinner walls then arties that takes blood back to the heart

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15
Q

digestive system

A

it is a complex system that takes in food and brakes it down to take the nutrients so that the body can have it

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16
Q

excretory system

A

It is a group of organs that removes waste form the body

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17
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A

It consists of the skeletal system that contains the set of bones and joints. The skeletal muscle system works together with the skeletal system to protect the internal organs, enables the body to move

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18
Q

reproductive system

A

It is a body system that involves the reproductive organs and it is different from male and female

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19
Q

endocrine system

A

It is a system that contains glands to produce secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate processes in different organs

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20
Q

nervous system

A

It is a system of nerves that carry out messages throughout the body

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21
Q

digestion

A

braking down food so that the nutrients can be absorbed

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22
Q

mechanical digestion

A

It is digesting the food that uses physical factors, e.g chewing with the teeth

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23
Q

chemical digestions

A

It is a chemical reaction changing food into smaller substances so it is absorbed into the bloodstream to be used in other parts of the body

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24
Q

alimentary canal

A

It is the passage from the mouth to the anus, food digests as it moves through the canal

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25
Q

enzyme

A

They are chemicals that speed up reactions but are not used in the reaction

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26
Q

saliva

A

It is a watery substance in the mouth that helps break down food before swallowing

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27
Q

salivary glands

A

It is glands that produce saliva in the mouth

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28
Q

bolus

A

It is a round chewed up ball made in the mouth to help sallow better

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29
Q

esophagus

A

It is part of the digestive system, it is a tube connecting the mouth with the stomach

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30
Q

peristalsis

A

It is a process of moving the food down the esophagus by a action of muscles

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31
Q

cartilage

A

A waxy, whitish, flexible substance that lines or connects bone joints or, in some animals such as sharks, replaces bone as the supporting skeletal tissue. The ears and tips of noses of people are shaped by
cartilage.

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32
Q

bone marrow

A

A substance inside the bone in which blood is made

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33
Q

bones

A

Pieces of hard tissues that make up the skeleton or vertebrate

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34
Q

skeleton

A

The bones or shell of an animal to support it as well as allowing movement

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35
Q

skeletal muscle system

A

Voluntary or striated muscle

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36
Q

skeletal system

A

Consists of the bones and joints

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37
Q

calcium

A

An element occurring in limestone, chalk, also present in vertebrates and other animals as a component of bone, shell etc. It is necessary for nerve conduction, heartbeat, muscle contraction and many other physiological functions.

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38
Q

phosphorus

A

A substance that plays an important role in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Together with calcium, it is required by the body to maintain healthy bones and teeth.

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39
Q

minerals

A

Any of the inorganic elements that are essential to the functioning of the human body and are obtained from foods

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40
Q

ossification

A

Hardening the bones

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41
Q

brittle

A

Breaks easily into many pieces

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42
Q

joints

A

Band of tough tissue that connects the ends of bones or keeps an organ in place

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43
Q

synovial fluid

A

The liquid inside the cavity surrounding a joint that helps bones to slide freely over each other

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44
Q

pivot joint

A

Joint that allows a twisting movement

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45
Q

hinge joints

A

Joints in which two bones are connected so that movement occurs in one plane only

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46
Q

ball and socket joints

A

Joints where the rounded end of one bone fits into the hollow end of another

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47
Q

immovable joints

A

Joints that allow no movement except when absorbing a hard blow

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48
Q

muscles

A

Tissue consisting of cells that can shorten

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49
Q

involuntary muscles

A

Muscles not under the control of the will; they contract slowly and rhythmically. These muscles are at work in the heart, intestines and lungs.

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50
Q

voluntary muscles

A

Muscle attached to bones; it moves the bones by contracting and is controlled by an animal’s thoughts

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51
Q

tendons

A

Tough rope-like tissue connecting a muscle to a bone

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52
Q

greenstick fracture

A

A break that is not completely through the bone, often seen in children

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53
Q

fracture

A

A break in a bone

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54
Q

stem cells

A

Undeveloped cells found in blood and bone marrow

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55
Q

osteoporosis

A

Loss of bone mass that causes bones to become lighter, more fragile and easily broken

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56
Q

sprains

A

Injury caused by tearing a ligament

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57
Q

arthritis

A

A condition in which inflammation of the joints causes them to swell and become painful

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58
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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59
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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60
Q

plasma

A

The yellowish, liquid part of blood that contains water, minerals, food and wastes from cells

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61
Q

red blood cells

A

Living cells in the blood that transport oxygen to all other living cells in the body

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62
Q

hemoglobin

A

The red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen

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63
Q

oxyhaemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin with oxygen molecules attached

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64
Q

white blood cells

A

Living cells that fight bacteria and viruses as part of the human body’s immune system

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65
Q

platelets

A

Small bodies involved in blood clotting. They are responsible for healing by clumping together around a wound.

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66
Q

oxygenated blood

A

Describes the bright red blood that has been supplied with oxygen in the lungs

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67
Q

deoxygenated blood

A

Describes blood from which some oxygen has been removed

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68
Q

vena cava

A

Large vein leading into the top right chamber of the

heart

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69
Q

left atrium

A

Upper left section of the heart where oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the heart

70
Q

right atrium

A

Upper right section of the heart where deoxygenated blood from the body enters

71
Q

left ventricle

A

Lower left section of the heart, which pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

72
Q

right ventricle

A

Lower right section of the heart, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

73
Q

valves

A

Flap-like folds in the lining of a blood vessel or other hollow organ that allow a liquid, such as blood, to flow in one direction only

74
Q

lub dub

A

The sound made by the heart valves as they close

75
Q

blood pressure

A

Measures how strongly the blood is pumped through the body’s main arteries

76
Q

cardiac muscle

A

Special kind of muscle in the heart that never tires. It is involved in pumping blood through the heart.

77
Q

pacemaker

A

Electronic device inserted in the chest to keep the heart beating regularly at the correct rate. It works by stimulating the heart with tiny electrical impulses.

78
Q

pulse

A

Alternating contraction and expansion of arteries due to the pumping of blood by the heart

79
Q

heartbeat

A

Contraction of the heart muscle occurring about 60–100 times per minute

80
Q

diastolic pressure

A

The lower blood pressure reading during relaxation of the heart muscles

81
Q

systolic pressure

A

The higher blood pressure reading during contraction of the heart muscles

82
Q

oxygen

A

A gas in the air (and water) that animals need to breathe in; made up of particles with two oxygen atoms. Plants produce oxygen as part of photosynthesis.

83
Q

cellular respiration

A

The chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

84
Q

glucose

A

A simple carbohydrate and the simplest form of sugar

85
Q

epiglottis

A

Leaf-like flap of cartilage behind the tongue that closes the air passage during swallowing

86
Q

carbon dioxide

A

A gas in the air produced by respiration and used by plants as part of photosynthesis. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.

87
Q

trachea

A

Narrow tube from the mouth to the lungs through which air moves

88
Q

lungs

A

The organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

89
Q

bronchi

A

The narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli in the respiratory system. Singular = bronchus.

90
Q

bronchioles

A

Small branching tubes in the lungs leading from the two larger bronchi to the alveoli

91
Q

alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs at the ends of the narrowest tubes. Oxygen moves from alveoli into the surrounding blood vessels, in exchange for carbon dioxide.

92
Q

pulmonary vein

A

The vessel through which oxygenated blood travels from your lungs to the heart

93
Q

aorta

A

A large artery through which oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the left ventricle of the heart to the body

94
Q

arterioles

A

Vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillaries

95
Q

venules

A

small veins

96
Q

pulmonary artery

A

The vessel through which deoxygenated blood, carrying wastes from respiration, travels from the heart to the lungs

97
Q

diaphragm

A

flexible, dome-shaped, muscular layer separating the chest and the abdomen. It is involved in breathing.

98
Q

breathing

A

Movement of muscles in the chest causing air to enter the lungs and the altered air in the lungs to leave. The air entering the lungs contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than the air leaving the lungs.

99
Q

vital capacity

A

The largest volume of air that can be breathed in or out at one time

100
Q

excretion

A

removal of waste from the body

101
Q

skin

A

external covering of the animal body

102
Q

liver

A

the largest gland in the body. The liver secretes bile for the digestion of fats, builds proteins from amino acids, breaks down many substances harmful to the body and has many other essential functions.

103
Q

kidney

A

body organs that filter the blood, removing urea and other wastes

104
Q

nephrons

A

the filtration and excretory units of the kidney

105
Q

bladder

A

the sac that stores urine

106
Q

urethra

A

tube through which urine is emptied from the bladder to the outside of the body

107
Q

ureters

A

tubes from each kidney that carry urine to the bladder

108
Q

urine

A

yellowish liquid, produced in the kidneys. It is mostly water and contains waste products from the blood such as urea, ammonia and uric acid.

109
Q

urination

A

passing of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

110
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

a cup-like structure at one end of a nephron within the kidney, surrounding the glomerulus. It serves as a filter to remove wastes and excess water.

111
Q

glomerulus

A

a cluster of capillaries in the kidney that acts as a filter to remove wastes and excess water

112
Q

heomodialysis

A

the process of passing blood through a machine to remove wastes

113
Q

solid

A

A state of matter that has a shape and volume that does not change.

114
Q

liquid

A

A state of matter that has a fixed volume but not shape

115
Q

Gases

A

A state of matter that doesn’t have a fixed amount of shape or volume

116
Q

mass

A

The quantity of matter in an object (usually measured in grams or kilograms)

117
Q

properties

A

A feature of a substance or object

118
Q

diffusion

A

It is the spreading out of a substance due to the particles moving

119
Q

volume

A

It is the amount of space the substance takes up

120
Q

fluid

A

A substance that has no shape like a gas or liquid

121
Q

particle model

A

It tells us that all particles are made up of matter and explains the properties of a liquid, gas, and solid

122
Q

expand

A

increasing in size due to the particles moving outwards

123
Q

contracts

A

becoming smaller in size due to particles becoming dense/cold

124
Q

melting point

A

It is a tempertaure that a solid substance turns into a liquid

125
Q

boiling point

A

It is a temperture that a liquid turns into a gas

126
Q

precipitation

A

It is falling water in a liquid or solid form. It is usally in clouds or aound in the air

127
Q

meteorologist

A

A scientist that steadies the weather a predits what will happen

128
Q

alchemists

A

They are chemist that try to change different metal into metal

129
Q

investigations

A

To find information about a situation

130
Q

observations

A

Finding information by using our senses

131
Q

elements

A

A pure substance that only made up of one atom

132
Q

atoms

A

It is a very small particle that makes up things in the world

133
Q

atomic number

A

It is a number of proton in the nucleus of an atom

134
Q

physical properties

A

It is properties that can be observed using the five senses

135
Q

chemical properties

A

properties that describe how different substance can be combined to form new or different chemicals

136
Q

flammability

A

It is an indicator when something is about to catch on fire

137
Q

reactivity

A

It is a measure of how a substance reacts

138
Q

toxicity

A

A poisonous substance mixed with chemicals in your body that is harmful to your health

139
Q

melting

A

When turning a solid into a liquid

140
Q

evaporation

A

When liquid evaporates and turns into gas

141
Q

freezing/solidification

A

Turning a liquid back into a solid at a cold temperature also known as solidification

142
Q

condensation

A

when turning a gas back into a liquid

143
Q

sublimation

A

The changing of a solid into a gas without turning into a liquid

144
Q

deposition/desublimation

A

It is the reverse prosses of sublimation, changing a gas back into a solid without turning into a liquid
also known as desublimation

145
Q

precipitate

A

A solid product of a chemical reaction that does not dissolve in water

146
Q

products

A

It is a new chemical substance made from a chemical reaction

147
Q

reactants

A

A chemical substance made up a chemical reaction

148
Q

chemical reaction

A

It is a chemical change in two or more substance are produced

149
Q

reaction rate

A

It is the speed of the chemical reaction that is taking place

150
Q

catalyst

A

It is a chemical that helps or speeds up the chemical reaction

151
Q

Rusting

A

It is the corrosion of iron

152
Q

corrosion

A

A chemical reaction the wears away iron and other metals. oxygen and water both combine to rust metals

153
Q

surface protection

A

A surface coat that protects the substance from corrosion

154
Q

galvanising

A

It is covering a substance that will react to corrosion first

155
Q

rust

A

A brown substance formed when metals have been corroded. iron+water+oxygen-rust

156
Q

burning

A

mixing a substance with oxygen that in a flame

157
Q

oxidation

A

a chemical reaction that involves losing electrons by a substance

158
Q

fossil fuel

A

a substance that is coal, oil and natural gas it is formed by animal remains over millions of years. it is used for fuel to produce heat

159
Q

combustion

A

the process of combining with oxygen and burning with flame

160
Q

compounds

A

Substance made up of two or more different types of atoms that have been joined (bonded) together

161
Q

mixtures

A

a combination of substances in which each keeps its own properties

162
Q

bonded

A

force that holds particles of matter, such as atoms, together

163
Q

hydrogen

A

The element with the smallest atom. By itself, it is a colourless gas and combines with other elements to form a large number of substances, including water. It is the most common element in living things.

164
Q

metals

A

Elements that conduct heat and electricity; shiny solids that can be made into thin wires and sheets that bend easily. Mercury is the only liquid metal.

165
Q

non-metals

A

Elements that do not conduct electricity or heat. They melt and turn into gases easily and are brittle and often coloured.

166
Q

metalloids

A

Elements that have the appearance of metals but not all the other properties of metals

167
Q

inert

A

Not reactive

168
Q

noble gas

A

Elements in the last column of the periodic table. They are extremely inert gases.

169
Q

molecules

A

Two or more atoms joined (bonded) together, forming a small particle

170
Q

polymer

A

substance made by joining smaller identical units. All plastics are polymers.

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