Systems Flashcards
Primary Flight Controls & Trim
.
Flaps, Leading Edge Devices, Spoilers
Seminole Flaps: How are they activated? What type of flap are they? How many positions and what are they? Interconnected or no? What activates retraction?
Seminole Trim
Trim located on the ______
__ up and ____ down (in degrees_
_____Trim Tab
Seminole Flaps:
Manually Activated
•Single Slotted Flap
•Four Position
–0o , 10o , 25o& 40o
- Interconnected
- Spring Retraction
Seminole Trim:
Rudder Trim 3 up 9 down
Servo Trim Tab
Powerplant
Name Brand \_\_ cylinder Direct drive or Gear Driven? Piston arrangement \_\_\_\_HP @\_\_\_\_RPM at SL \_\_\_\_\_\_ Cooled but also equipped with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_oil filters.
Winterization plate @ ____° F
Are oil dipsticks interchangeable?
Oil Type: _______ or ________
Asymmetric thrust is offset by _______________
Engine mounts are constructed of ______tubing, with _______ isolators to reduce vibration.
TBO - _______hours (TBO are suggestions)
Dry Weight = _____ lbs
Has Specific Cylinder firing arrangements for ________
Engine Cooled By:
(3)
L- 360-A1HA (____ engine)
LO- 360-A1HA (____ engine)
Issues with a hot engine:
Weakens and shortens the life of the engine/parts
____ lubrication
(3)
Control Engine Heat by
(4)
Textron Lycoming 4 cylinder Direct drive Horiztonally opposed 180HP @ 2700 at SL Air Cooled but also equipped with oil coolers with low temperature bypass systems, and engine mounted oil filters.
Winterization plate @ 50° F
Oil Dipsticks are not inter-changable, one is longer due to where they’re both placed.
Oil Type: 20W50 or 15W50
Asymmetric thrust is offset by opposite rotating right engine (counterclockwise)
Engine mounts are constructed of steel tubing, with dynafocal isolators to reduce vibration.
TBO - 2000 hours (TBO are suggestions)
Dry Weight = 265 lbs
Has Specific Cylinder firing arragnements for better harmonics.
Engine Cooled By:
•Oil
•Air (baffles, cowl flaps)
•Fuel
L- 360-A1HA (left engine)
LO- 360-A1HA (right engine)
Issues with a hot engine: Weakens and shortens the life of the engine/parts •Impairs lubrication – Hotter oil is thinner – Less pumping pressure – Lubricating qualities reduced
Control Engine Heat by •Cowl Flaps •Power Setting •Airspeed •Fuel Mixture
Landing Gear
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Operated Fully \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Type VLo Vle
Components of Brake System:
Components of the brake assembly:
Type of hydraulic fluid in the brakes:
Can you mix types?
Hydraulically Operated Fully Retractable Tricycle Type Retracted before 109 KIAS Lowered up to 140KIAS
Components of the brake system: •Reservoir •Master Cylinders •Fluid Line •Parking Brake Valve •Brake Assembly
Components of the brake assembly: •Brake lines •Brake disc – Single disc – Heavy duty •Brake housing – Double puck
Type of hydraulic fluid in the brakes:
Mineral, Red
MIL-H-5606
–Do Not Mix Types
Fuel, Oil, and Hydraulic
Fuel pump or carburetor?
Gravity fed or Positive Pressure Feed?
How many volts is the fuel pump?
Does the electric fuel pump have to be on to prime?
Can you crossfeed from a failed engine to gain more fuel?
Total fuel \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Usable fuel \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Unusable fuel \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Taxi fuel \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Minimum grade \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Quick Drains below \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Contained in ____________ made of ____________
Prolonged sips or skids in excess of ____________ft. could cause uncovering of fuel outlet.
Fuel Vent has an __________ measure included with an inset alternate fuel vent.
Fuel Selector settings have _____,______ & ______ settings.
Cowl flap: _____ operated. There are two positions; _____ and _____.
Components:
Oil:
____________ Quart Per Engine
____________Minimum
____________UND Minimum
Fuel:
•Engine Driven Fuel Pump and Carburetor Combination
•A Positive Pressure Feed System (not gravity fed)
•14 Volt DC fuel pumps, an inverter converts it to 28VDC
To prime the electric fuel pump must be on.
POH says NO, fuel selector must be in the OFF position.
Total fuel 110 gal. (55 gal. Per side) Usable fuel108 gal. (54 gal. Per side) Unusable fuel2 gal. (1 gal. Per side) Taxi fuel16 pounds Minimum grade100 or 100LL Quick Drains below baggage compartment.
Contained in Fuel Cells (not bladder type)
– Aluminum/Alloy Structure
—–Prolonged slips or skids which result in excess of 2000 feet of altitude loss, or other radical or extreme maneuvers which could cause uncovering of the fuel outlet must be avoided as fuel flow interruption may occur when the tank being used is not full.
Fuel Vent has an anti-ice measure included with an inset alternate fuel vent.
Fuel Selector settings have ON, OFF & CROSSFEED settings.
Cowl flap: Manually operated. There are two positions; open and closed.
Components: Tank Fuel Lines •Fuel Tank •Fuel Selector Valves (3 way) •Fuel Filter •Drain Lines •Heater Fuel Line •Electric Fuel Pump •Engine Fuel Line
Oil:
8 Quart Per Engine
2 Minimum
6 UND Minimum
Hydraulic:
Electrical
Basics: \_\_\_\_\_\_ ground \_\_\_\_\_\_ fed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bus Capable of what?
Battery \_\_V Avidyne \_\_V G1000 \_\_ Batteries in G1000 \_\_ Batteries in Avidyne \_\_ EPU \_\_ Alternators
Alternator:
What kind of alternator do we have?
G1000 - ___ Volts AC, __ amp
Avidyne ___ Volts AC, ___ Amp
What protects telhe alternators?
Altnerator field is on what bus, how many amps, and is activated by what witch?
Overvoltage relay happens if output exceeds how many volts on both systems? G1000 & Avidyne
Voltage regulator maintains _________.
Battery:
Where is it located
What is the main battery used for?
Is there an emergency battery?
Where is the emergency located?
BUS SYSTEM :
Buses:
How many, what are they and what do they control?
Negative-ground, Dual-fed, Split-bus system capable of supplying sufficient current for complete night IFR equipment.
14V Avidyne 28V G1000 2 Batteries in G1000 1 Battery in Avidyne 1 EPU 2 Alternators
ALTERNATOR
Alternators are primary source of electricity.
Alternators
2 Belt Driven, Rectified, Alternators
G1000 - 28 Volts AC, 80 amp
Avidyne 14 Volts AC, 70 Amp
Alternators protected by a voltage regulator that maintain 28 volts.
•Alternator Field
–Main Bus
–5 Amps
–Alternator Switch
•Avidyne
– An overvoltage relay if output exceeds 17 volts.
•G1000
– An overvoltage relay if output exceeds 32 volts.
•Voltage regulator maintains effective load sharing
BATTERY
12 Volt, 35 Amp-Hr Lead Acid - AVIDYNE
13.6 ampere-hour, 24-volt battery provides current for starting, charged by the alternators when running.
G1000 emergency battery located located in the nose section
Emergency Battery located :
provides electrical power to the emergency bus during a complete electrical failure, or when electrical power from the primary electrical system is insufficient.
Provides 30 min of power.
will only provide 30 minutes of power if its voltage at the time of total electrical failure is greater than 23.3 volts. The emergency battery voltage must be verified prior to flight.
BUSES
What do they control?
•Battery Bus –Clock –Flight Time Hour Meter –Maintenance Time Hour Meter –Heater Hour Meter •Equipment runs w/out the master switch ON
•Tie Bus
•Main Bus 1 & 2 –Left & Right Engine Group –Left & Right Fuel Pump –Fuel Quantity –Starter & ACC –Tachometer –Annunciator Panel –Panel Lights –Switch Lights –NAV Lights –Anti-Coll Lights –Gear Warning –Gear Indicator –HYD Pump –HYD Pump PWR –Turn & Bank –Stall Warning –Pitot Heat
•Non-Essential Bus –Stdby Lights –Recog Lights –Cabin Heater –F/A blower
•Avionics Bus 1 & 2 BUS 1 : –Pitch Trim –Autopilot –Compass –Audio –GPS –COMM / NAV 1 –Transponder
BUS 2: –COMM / NAV 2 –ADF –ENC ALT –DME
The emergency bus powers the standby instrument, as well as all PFD functions (except Com2 and Nav2).
Avionics
.
Pitot Static, Vacuum/pressure, and associated instruments.
Usual Pitot Static
ADC
AHRS
No vacuum Pump
Usual Pitot Static
ADC
AHRS
No vacuum Pump in the glass seminole. Backup is electronically driven.
Environmental
•Fresh Air System
– Overhead vents provide fresh air for rear tail port to cabin
Overhead Fresh Air:
•REC Blower Switch
–High/Low as needed
–In-flight – use ram air
•Fresh Air Knob –Adjust as needed for flow Feet Fresh Air: •Air Intake (heater) –Open for fresh air •Fan rocker switch –Turn on as needed
•Heated Air
– Provided by combustion heater in nose compartment
– Instant heat for cabin occupants
•C&D/Janitrol Heater
–30-35,000 BTU Heater Unit
–Combustion Air
–Heated Air
Components
•C&D/Janitrol Heater–Ventilating Air/Heater Blower Assembly–Combustion Air Blower–Combustion Air Intake–Combustion Exhaust
•2 Electric Fuel Pumps
–Fuel comes from left fuel selector
–Janitrol = ½ gph
–C&D = 2 gph
•Overtemp Limit Switch (500F)
–Manual Reset = Janitrol
–Auto Reset = C&D
Overtemp light at approx 375
DeIcing & Anti-Icing
Anti-Icing Fuel Vent has built in secondary fuel vent.
Propeller
Propeller:
Two Propellers Two Blade Constant Speed Propellers Controllable Pitch and feathering Counter-Rotating Propellers are mounted directly to the engine crankshafts.
Controlled by the two propeller levers in the cock pit.
Oil Accumulator holds oil while in the feather position.
Pitch is controlled by oil and nitrogen pressure:
Oil pressure drives propeller toward high RPM or unfeather position
Nitrogen pressure and a large spring drive the propeller towards low RPM or feather position and also prevents propeller overspeeding.
I Recommended nitrogen pressure is found on placards on the propeller domes and inside the spinners.
Dry Nitrogen gas is recommended
– 33 to 41 PSI
Each propeller has a govern on each engine, which supplies oil at various pressures through the propeller shaft to maintain constant RPM settings.
Governor controls speed by varying the pitch of the propeller to match load torque to engine torque.
•Hartzell Governor
– Boosted Oil Pressure to 275 psi
Under 950RPM anti-feathering pins activate. Must have prop in Feather position before 950.
What is a constant speed prop?
The propeller which maintains the RPM selected by propeller control lever constant regardless of airplane’s pitch attitude or throttle position within some range.
Why would you want a constant speed prop?
The pilot can select the most efficient blade angle for each phases of operation.
By selecting low pitch/high RPM, you can get maximum power for takeoff.
By selecting high pitch/low RPM, you can fly faster at low RPM and you can save the fuel for cruise.
How does a constant speed prop work?
When the airplane rise it’s nose, it start climb. As it climb, airspeed goes down. The RPM is also going down due to increasing drag on the blade. However, blade angle is decreased automatically to reduce the drag to maintain the RPM constant.
When the airplane drops it’s nose, it start to descend. As it descend, airspeed will increse. The RPM is also increased due to decreasing drag on the blade. However, blade angle is increased automatically to increase the drag to maintain the RPM constant.
Where is the governor located
In front of the engine
What does a governor do?
Fly weight inside the governor senses the change in RPM by sensing the change in centrifugal force.
It opens the pilot valve.
When the RPM increase, the valve opens the line without the pump.
Drains the oil back from propeller hub to increase the blade angle.
When the RPM decrease, the valve opens the line with the pump.
The pump send the oil to propeller hub to decrease the blade angle.
What makes high pitch/low RPM
Nitrogen charge in the hub, along with spring and counter weight at the root of the propeller blades.
What makes a low pitch/high RPM
High pressure of the oil and aerodynamic twisting on the prop
What does pilot do when he move the prop lever in the cockpit? What will happen to governor?
It change the tension of the speeder spring. High tension requires more centrifugal force on the fly weight. It increase the RPM.
Low tension requires less centrifugal force on the fly weight. It decrease the RPM.
What does pilot do when he move the prop lever in the cockpit? What will happen to governor?
It change the tension of the speeder spring. High tension requires more centrifugal force on the fly weight. It increase the RPM. Low tension requires less centrifugal force on the fly weight. It decrease the RPM.
Where does the oil come from in a seminole
Wet Sump. Therefore in the Engine oil reservoir at the bottom of the engine.
What will happen if you lose engine oil completely?
It become high pitch. Moves toward feathering.
What is the purpose of feathering?
To reduce the drag caused by windmilling.
To avoid further damage to the engine.
What force makes it feather?
Spring, nitrogen charged in the hub and counter weight at the root of the propeller blades.
How can you unfeather the prop
Accumulator works or we would have to use the starter.
How does the unfeatering accumulator work?(if it is equipped)
Accumulator houses the oil under pressure when feathered at about 90-100 psi. When unfeathering begins oil is pushed back into the system agains the nitrogen charge.
Having an accumulator reduces wear on the starter.
Will the prop feather when you shut down the engine after landing? Can you feather the prop when engine is not running?
No. There is anti-feather lock pin which prevent the prop from feathering below 950
How many fuel pumps are there?
- Each engine has engine driven fuel pump and electrical fuel pump.
Also, heater has one electrical pump. (So 5)
When do you use electrical fuel pump?
To start the engine.
Takeoff, climb and landing.
When the engine driven pump is inoperative.
How many fuel gauges are there?
Two. Fuel quantity gauges. Fuel pressure gauges.
When can you use the cross feed line?
Only in cruise.
Can you select cross feed on both engine?
P.O.H said “NO” though you can physically position it.
What is the purpose of cross feed?
To balance the weight laterally when one engine is inoperative. For longer range/endurance.
How many drains are there? Where are they located?
Two. There are two quick drains on the right side of the fuselarge. Those are the drain from the fuel filters.
Where is the power pack located?
Behind the baggage compartment.
How does the hydraulic landing gear work
It is electrical-hydraulic system. Pilot can select the position(up/down) by the gear handle. The electrical motor rotate the hydraulic pump which send the hydraulic fluid from reservoir to three actuators. The fluid move the piston in each actuators to move the push-pull rod which are connected to the landing gears. Electrical limit switch stop the motor when it reached full up or full down position. When the hydraulic pressure decrease, pressure switch activate the motor to pump the oil. When the hydrauric pressure reached to certain amount, it disconnect the cercuit to stop the pump.q
What is the color of the hydraulic fluid?
Red.
What will happen in the case of loss of hydraulic fluid?
The gear will drop by gravity and spring.
How can you make sure it is down and locked?
Three green lights and check the mirror.
Is there any system which warns you when you forget to extend the gear for a landing?
There is warning horn. When the throttle is reduced(14”) with gear up, it beeps. When the flap is extended at 25 or 40 degree with gear up, it beeps. It beeps on the ground when the gear handle is up.
And gear unsafe light (red) illuminates if it not fully down or fully up.
What would you do if you don’t see green light after you move the gear handle down?
Check master switch on, circuit breaker in, push the light bulb for test, switch the light bulb, turn the navigation light off(navigation light dims green lights).
Check if you hear warning horn or not. Check unsafe light.
What makes gear down when you use manual extension system?
It release the hydraulic pressure. The gravity and the spring pulls gear down.
How many alternators are there?
2
What is the voltage and capacity of the alternator?
14v 60 AMP (per poh) actually 70 amp (avidyne)
24v 60 AMP (per poh) actually 70 amp (G1000)
Parts controlled by Hydraulics
Landing Gear, Brakes, Propeller
Ice protection on the seminole
Ice protection: Pitot heat, carb heat, fuel vent is anti-ice
What kind of ice protection systems are there?
Mechanical
Chemical
Electrical
Landing Gear Switches:
Nose Gear Up Limit Switch
Left Squat
Right Squat
Nose gear-
Shuts off Air/Heat Blower
Left Squat - Prevents the landing gear from retracting
Right Squat - Disables stall warning system while on the ground. Starts the Hobbs meter.
The prop lever is directly connected to the ____ and adjusts the tension.
Speeder Spring
Landing Gear Switches
Pressure Switch
Uplimit Switch
Downlimit switch
Pressure Switch - to turn pump off during gear retraction, once PSI reaches certain point. Also, turns pump on when retracted but pressure is lost.
Uplimit Switch (on each gear) - turns off red gear unsafe light when all 3 are closed.
Downlimit Switch (on each gear) - illuminates 3 green lights when extended. Turns pump off when all 3 are fully extended.
