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Biology > Systems > Flashcards

Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary organs of the digestive system

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • anus
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2
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive system

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • gallbladder
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3
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

secrete amylase and mucus which breaks down carbs.

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4
Q

What are the 2 functions of the liver?

A
  1. detoxifies blood from intestines before blood continues to rest of body
  2. Liver produces bile that is then stored and released by the gall bladder
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5
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

-releases bicarbonate ions into the duodenum that increases pH to neutralize chyme (since chyme is in the stomach and the stomach is full of acids and bicarbonate is a base, acid + base = neutral)
-the increase in the pH deactivates pepsin and activates the pancreatic digestive enzymes

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6
Q

Name the pancreatic digestive enzymes

A
  • carboxylase
  • lipases
  • protease
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7
Q

How do the pancreas and gall bladder know when to release their secretions?

A
  • hormones from the duodenum
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8
Q

Name, describe, and locate the hormones secreted

A

secretin:
- released due to acidity of chyme
- causes the PANCREAS to release bicarbonate into the duodenum
CCK:
- released due to the presence of amino acids and fatty acids
- causes GAL BLADDER to release bile to the duodenum

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9
Q

What are some examples of macro and micro nutrients?

A

micro:
- vitamins and minerals
macro:
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins

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10
Q

Define macro vs micronutrients

A
  • micronutrients are nutrients we need in smaller quantities
  • macronutrients are nutrients we need in larger quantities
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11
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis and esophagus?

A
  • epiglottis allows the food to enter the esophagus while denying it from entering the trachea
  • esophagus pushes down food from the mouth to the stomach using its muscular structure
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12
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A
  • has a thick muscular wall that contracts to mash the food into a sloppy soup called chyme (mechanical)
  • Stomach lining produces mucus to protect it, and strong digestive juices that chemically break down food (chemical)
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13
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A
  • absorption of nutrients into blood
  • consists of small finger-like projects called villi which increase the surface area therefore increasing absorption
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14
Q

What goes on in the duodenum?

A
  • produces hormones
  • receives enzymes/secretions from pancreas and gall bladder
  • where chyme enters
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15
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

absorbs water and electrolytes

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16
Q

Describe the path air takes through the respiratory system

A
  1. nasal/oral cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. larynx
  4. trachea
  5. lungs
  6. blood
17
Q

Arrange the following in order alveoli, bronchi, capillaries, and bronchioles

A
  1. bronchi
  2. bronchioles
  3. alveoli
  4. capillaries
18
Q

what is the function/structure of the trachea?

A
  • trachea has a skeletal like c shaped structure that allows the air to enter and exit the body
19
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

vital capacity is the MAXIMUM amount of air that can be expired after a max inspiration

20
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

amount of air in and out in a normal breath

21
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

maximum air in lungs after maximum inspiration (without exhalation)

22
Q

Ventilation (breathing) vs respiration

A
  • ventilation is the process of bringing air into the lungs (mechanical)
  • respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the external environment (chemical)
23
Q

What are the requirements for diffusion?

A
  • a concentration gradient (high to low)
  • semi permeable membrane
  • large surface area
24
Q

Describe counter current exchange in fish

A
  • water passes over the gills in the opposite direction of the blood flow
  • ensures blood with low oxygen concentration is always adjacent to water with high [O2] to maximize O2 diffusion
25
Q

What are the 4 components of blood and what are their functions?

A
  1. red blood cells uses hemoglobin to transport O2 and CO2
  2. platelets form clots over injuries in order to stop the bleeding
  3. white blood cells boosts one’s immune system by attacking any foreign bacteria/virus
  4. plasma takes nutrients, hormones to parts of the body that need it
26
Q

What is the sequence of blood flow to the body starting from the lungs (don’t need to memorize)

A

capillaries (lungs) to the pulmonary vein to the left atrium through the mitral valve into the left ventricle then through the aortic valve then to the aorta finally leading into the body

27
Q

oxygenated blood goes from the ___ to the heart then to the ___

A

lungs, body

28
Q

deoxygenated blood goes from the ___ to the heart then to the ___

A

body, lungs

29
Q

What percentage of our blood is made up of RBC?

A

40%

30
Q
A

Biology (4 decks)

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