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Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Meiosis I phases (in order)

A

Meiosis I: The reduction division
1. Prophase I
2. Metaphase I
3. Anaphase I
4. Telophase I

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2
Q

Where does meiosis occur and what does it produce?

A

OCCURS: in diploid germ cells (reproductive cells)
PRODUCES: 4 haploid gametes (sex cells/eggs and sperm

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3
Q

Meiosis II phases (in order)

A

Meiosis II: The equational division
1. Prophase II
2. Metaphase II
3. Anaphase II
4. Telophase II + Cytokinesis

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4
Q

What occurs during Prophase I?

A
  • Homologous chromosome pairs line up side by side and form a tetrad
  • Crossing over of non-sister chromosomes occurs in a process called synapsis
  • Crossing over results in an exchange of DNA
  • After synapsis, all 4 sister chromatids are genetically varied
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5
Q

What occurs during Metaphase I?

A
  • Homologous pairs (tetrads) align along the equator of the cell.
  • Spindle fibres attach to the pair of sister chromatids
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6
Q

What occurs during Anaphase I?

A
  • Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.
  • Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.
  • Random Assortment of Chromosomes (Each pair of homologous chromosomes separate randomly)
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7
Q

What occurs during Telophase I?

A

Sister chromatids in each haploid daughter cell

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8
Q

What occurs during Prophase II?

A

Sister chromatids in each daughter cell have no homologous pair.

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9
Q

What occurs during Metaphase II?

A
  • Sister chromatids line up along equator of cell.
  • Spindle fibres attach to centromeres of sister chromatids
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10
Q

What occurs during Anaphase II?

A

Spindle fibres contract and pull sister chromatids apart (Once pulled apart each sister chromatid is called a chromosome.)

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11
Q

What occurs during Telophase II + Cytokinesis?

A
  • Cells divide
  • Resulting 4 cells are haploid and genetically varied.–Chromosomes are single stranded. They will uncoil becoming chromatin.
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12
Q

What is DNA?

A

contains all of the information necessary to build and maintain an organism.

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13
Q

What is chromatin?

A

tangled strands of DNA and protein within a eukaryotic nucleus

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14
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

The identical copy of a single chromosome (remains attached to original chromosome of centromere)

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15
Q

What is a centriole?

A

an organelle that helps cells divide, or make copies of themselves

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16
Q

What is a centromere?

A

plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division

17
Q

Difference between diploid and haploid? (ploidy)

A

DIPLOID: a cell containing 2 copies of each chromosome (2n)
HAPLOID: a cell containing half the usual complement of chromosomes (n)

18
Q

What is a gamete?

A

specifically sex cells that have 23 chromosomes.

19
Q

What is a zygote?

A

fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete with a male gamete

20
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

GENOTYPE: the genetic makeup of an individual (ratios)
PHENOTYPE: outward appearance with respect to a specific characteristic (percents)

21
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

alleles for a trait separate in the formation of a gamete

22
Q

what is the law of independent assortment?

A

during gamete formation, different pairs of alleles independently of all others

23
Q

What is the difference between an allele vs a gene?

A

ALLELE: Alleles are different versions of a gene, which vary according to the nucleotide base present at a particular genome location.
GENE: Genes are chunks of DNA that contribute to particular traits or functions by coding for proteins

24
Q

What is a test cross?

A

unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual to determine their genotype

25
Q

homozygous vs heyerozygous

A

homozygous: same
heterozygous: different

26
Q

incomplete vs co- dominance

A

incomplete:
co:

27
Q

what is sex-linked inheritance?

A

a trait controlled by the genes on a sex chromosome

28
Q

Why did mendel choose peas to research with

A

they were the easiest to manipulate

Biology (4 decks)

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