Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Bio > Systems > Flashcards

Systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define cellular respiration

A

A set of metabolic processes in cells that convert chemical energy from organic molecules into energy the cell can use in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cellular respiration formula

A

Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (6O2) ——> Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) + Water (H2O) + Energy (ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does ATP consist of

A

Adenine (nitrogenous base)
Sugar ribose
3 phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define glycolysis

A

The breakdown of a glucose molecule to pyruvic acid, releasing energy to form 2 ATP. This process occurs in the cytoplasm and DOESNT NOT require oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define anaerobic respiration

A

When there is no oxygen Available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define aerobic respiration

A

When oxygen is available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

State the different stages of anaerobic respiration, where it occurs and how many ATP after

A 
STAGE 1: glycolysis (2ATP) 
STAGE 2: fermentation 
-2 pyruvic molecules —> lactic acid
- lactic acid is taken t the liver 
-lactic acid + oxygen—> glucose —> glycogen
- oxygen debt occurs and must be ‘repaid’
WHERE ITS FOUND: cytosol 
ATP: 2 ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

State the different stages of aerobic respiration, where it occurs and how many ATP after

A

STAGE 1: glycolysis (2ATP)
STAGE 1.1:
- 2 pyruvic molecules —> acetyl coenzyme (CoA) by removing a CO2
STAGE 2: citric acid/ kerbs cycle
- the acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle where the carbon atoms are released in CO2 (one product if cellular respiration) (2ATP)
STAGE 3: electron transport system
- electrons are the passed between molecules resulting in oxygen becoming water (2nd product of cellular respiration) (34ATP)
WHERE ITS FOUND: mitochondria
TOTAL ATP: 38 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define respiratory system

A

Specialised to facilitate in in take of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the respiratory system consist of (there are 7)

A
  1. ) nose and nasal cavity
  2. ) pharynx
  3. ) trachea
  4. ) bronchi
  5. ) bronchioles
  6. ) alveoli
  7. ) lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the function and structure of the nose and mouth

A 
STRUCTURE:
- convoluted 
- lined with mucus, membranes and hairs 
FUNCTION: 
- warm and humidify air 
- trap debris (dust)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the function and structure of the pharynx

A

STRUCTURE:
- region tween nasal cavity and the top of the trachea and oesophagus
FUNCTION:
- passage way for air before being diverted to the trachea by the epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the function and structure of the trachea

A 
STRUCTURE:
- c- shaped cartilage rings 
- epithelial lining with mucus 
- contains cilia 
FUNCTION: 
- carries air into and out of the lungs
- traps dust and debris
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the function and structure of the bronchi

A

STRUCTURE:
- contains cartilage
- primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi
FUNCTION:
- take air into different parts of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the function and structure of the bronchioles

A 
STRUCTURE: 
- smooth muscle and elastin 
- contains cilia 
FUNCTION: 
- controls the flow of air in the lungs 
- expand when body needs oxygen 
- tap contaminants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the function and structure of the alveoli

A 
STRUCTURE: 
- ting air sacs in clusters 
- make up most of the lungs 
FUNCTION: 
- functional unit of the lungs where gas exchange occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the function and structure of the lungs

A

STRUCTURE:
- two lungs (left has 2 lobes, right has 3 lobes)
- covered in pieural fluid
- contain alveoli
- surrounded by diaphragm
FUNCTION:
- allows lungs to slide along the chest wall (pieural fluid)
- sire of gases moving between the blood in capillaries and air in the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define ventilation (breathing)

A

The process of air moving in an out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define inspiration

A

The process of taking air into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define expiration

A

The process of taking air out of your lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Steps for inspiration

A
  1. ) diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
  2. ) volumes of the chest cavity increases to expand
  3. ) air pressure inside is LOWER than outside
  4. ) air flows in until pressure becomes equal 
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Steps for expiration

A
  1. ) diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
  2. ) volume of the chest cavity decreases causing lungs to contract
  3. ) air pressure inside the lungs as HIGHER than outside the lungs
  4. ) air flows out until pressure is equal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the structure of the alveoli

A

LARGE INTERNAL SURFACE AREA:
large amounts of gases can be exchanged through diffusion in a relatively short amount of time
BLOOD SUPPLY FROM CAPILLARIES:
as much blood as possible is close to the air in the alveoli
THIN WALLS:
only one cell thick. Small distance for gas molecules (O2 and CO2) to travel when moving in and out of the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define blood

A

The transport medium between the cells of all the body systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does blood composed of

A

Plasma
Formed elements
—> erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define plasma and its function

A

The liquid part in which cells are suspended in. The function is to transport components of blood (cells nutrients, wastes, hormones, proteins, antibodies) around the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does plasma consist of

A

Water with dissolved substances (sugar and salt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Define the formed elements

A

The non liquid part consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the function and structure of erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A

STRUCTURE: biconcaved structure, no nucleus and flexible.
FUNCTION: responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the function and structure of thrombocytes (platelets)

A

STRUCTURE: fragments of cytoplasm enclosed in a membrane, and no nucleus.
FUNCTION: blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe the function of leukocytes

A

FUNCTION: protects the body from infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define granulocytes and examples

A

Have granules in their cytoplasm and lobed nuclei

Examples: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define agranulocytes and examples

A

Do not have granules in their cytoplasm and has a spherical nuclei
Examples: lymphocytes, monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Steps of blood clotting process

A
  1. Vasoconstriction: muscles in the small arteries constrict to reduce blood loss and blood flow
  2. Platelet plug: damage to the blood vessels causes the internal surface to become rough and platelets to stick. Platelets build up to become a ‘plug’ to reduce blood loss
  3. Coagulation: clotting factors form an insoluble protein called fibrin. Fibrin threads create a mesh, trapping blood cells, platelets and plasma
  4. Clot retraction: fibrin threads contract, pulling the edges of the blood vessel together
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define the circulatory system

A

The body’s main transport system consisting of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lymph and lymph vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define the heart and the location

A

A hollow muscular organ consisting of 4 chambers that pump blood around the body. It’s located between the lungs in the mediastinum, behind and slightly left of the sternum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define pericardium

A

The membrane that completely enclosed the heart. It holds the heart in place but also allows the heart to slide when beating

38
Q

Define septum

A

Seperates left and right sides of the heart

39
Q

What does the left atrium do?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and passes it to the left ventricle.

40
Q

What does the right atrium do?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and passes to the right ventricle.

41
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Pumps out oxygenated blood to the body

42
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

Pumps out deoxygenated blood to the lungs

43
Q

What is the structure and function of the atrioventricular valve (name both valve)

A

TRICUSPID: between right atrium and right ventricle
BICUSPID: between left atrium and left ventricle
FUNCTION: seal off opening between atria and ventricle to present blood flow back

44
Q

What is the structure and function of the semilunar valve (name both valve)

A

PULMONARY: between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
AORTIC: between left ventricle and aorta
FUNCTION: seal off opening between ventricles and arteries to present blood flowing back

45
Q

What is the structure and function of the chordae tendineae

A

STRUCTURE: tendon like
FUNCTION: connect papillary muscles to valves

46
Q

What is the structure and function of the papillary muscles

A

STRUCTURE: muscles in ventricles
FUNCTION: anchor the valves

47
Q

What is the structure and function of arteries and add an example

A

STRUCTURE: thick smooth muscle walls with elastic fibres
FUNCTION: takes blood away from the heart
Example: aorta and pulmonary artery

48
Q

What is the structure and function of veins and add an example

A

STRUCTURE: thin inelastic walls with little muscles
FUNCTION: carry blood towards the heart
Examples: vena cavae and pulmonary veins

49
Q

What is the structure and function of capillaries and add an example

A

STRUCTURE: 1 cell thick
FUNCTION: link arteries and veins
Examples: fenestrated, continuous and sinusoid

50
Q

Define the lymphatic system and the function

A

A system of vessels that drinks excess fluid from the tissue and return it back to the circulatory system. It plays and important role of defending the body against micro-organisms that can cause diseases

51
Q

Define lymph

A

Colourless fluid that circulates through the lymphatic vessels when skeletal muscles contract

52
Q

Define lymph vessels

A

Large blind-ended vessels that collect lymph and return it to the blood

53
Q

Define lymph nodes

A

An oval or bean shaped structure found on lymph vessels

54
Q

Define lymphoid tissue

A

Tissue in lymph nodes containing lymphocytes and macrophages

55
Q

Define blood transfusion

A

The transfer of blood or the components of blood into a persons circulation. It involves the blood or blood components being injected directly into the recipients blood stream.

56
Q

Name the 4 types of blood transfusion

A

Whole blood
Red cell concentrates
Platelet concentrates
Plasma

57
Q

What is whole blood transfusion and it’s purpose

A

Blood with clotting chemicals. The purpose is to replace large volumes of blood that were lost.

58
Q

What is red cell concentrate transfusion and it’s purpose

A

Usually red blood cells from centrifuging but can contain some platelets and white blood cells. It’s purpose is to help with heart disease and severe anaemia (low iron)

59
Q

What is platelet concentrate transfusion and it’s purpose

A

A high concentration of platelets and growth factors reduce inflammation. It’s purpose is to help patients with low platelet count or function (patients receiving chemo)

60
Q

What is plasma transfusion and it’s purpose

A

Liquid part of the blood only. The purpose is to help patients that need clotting factors or with severe liver disease.

61
Q

Define digestion

A

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the blood stream.

62
Q

Define alimentary canal and what does it include

A

The continuous tube that food passes and undergoes active digestion and nutrient absorption
It includes the: mouth cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small + large intestine, rectum and anus

63
Q

What are the accessory organs and what they are used for

A

They are used to store or secrete substances (enzymes) that pass through ducts and are needed for digestion.
It includes the: salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

64
Q

What are the different types of digestion

A

Mechanical

Chemical

65
Q

What is mechanical digestion, the function and where it occurs

A

Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces. It’s function is to increase surface area for chemical digestion as well as speed up digestion. It occurs in the teeth, stomach and small intestine.

66
Q

What is chemical digestion, the function and where it occurs

A

Chemical digestion uses enzymes to break large complex molecules into smaller + simpler molecules. It’s function is to break down large molecules so they are small enough to enter the bloodstream. It occurs in the salivary glands, stomach and small intestine.

67
Q

What is the mouth cavity and it’s function

A

It contains teeth, tongue and salivary glands.
FUNCTION:
1. Cut, grind and tear food through mastication
2. secrete salivary amylase which breaks starch down into simple sugars.

68
Q

What is the oesophagus and it’s function

A

It connects the pharynx to stomach. It contains circular and longitudinal muscles
FUNCTION: tube for bolus to pass through from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis

69
Q

What is the stomach and it’s function

A

The stomach is a J shaped bag with circular, longitudinal and oblique layers of muscle. It contains mucosa that secretes gastric juice.
FUNCTION:
1. Waves of muscular contractions churn the food into chyme
2. Pepsinogen in gastric breakdown proteins into poly peptides

70
Q

What is the small intestine and it’s function

A

It is 6m long and divided into 3 sections: duodenum, jejunum and ileum. It contains villi
FUNCTION:
1. Segmentation breaks the bolus down and mixes it with juices and bile salts which breaks down fats
2. Secretes intestinal juice. Nutrient absorption

71
Q

What is the large intestine and it’s function

A

It is 1.5m long spans divided into 4 sections: caecum, colon, rectum and anus. Has no villi or digestive juices
FUNCTION: absorb water and vitamins. Formation of faeces from undigested food. Water, bacteria and bile. Stores faeces and begins defecation.

72
Q

What is the livers function and what does it secrete

A

It is to produce bile

The bile emulsifies fats breaking it into tiny droplets (mechanical digestion)

73
Q

What is the gallbladders function and what does it secrete

A

To store bile

The bile emulsifies fats breaking it into tiny droplets (mechanical digestion)

74
Q

What is the function of the pancreas and what is it’s function

A 
It secretes pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct. 
Pancreatic juice neutralises the gastric juices and contains: 
- pancreatic amylase 
   ~starch—> disaccharides
-pancreatic protease 
   ~proteins—> peptides 
-pancreatic lipase
   ~ fats —> fatty acids and glycerol 
-deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease 
   ~ digest DNA and RNA
75
Q

Why must waste products be removed

A 
To maintain general health
 - many wastes are toxic 
 - if left in high concentration ps cells can die or become dysfunctional 
To maintain homeostasis 
 -regulated blood pressure 
 -regulated body temperature
76
Q

Define excretion

A

The removal of metabolic wastes from the body

77
Q

What are some wastes

A

Carbon dioxide
Urea and Uric acid
Salts
Ammonia

78
Q

What are the organs for excretion

A 
Kidney
Sweat glands 
Alimentary canal 
Lungs 
Liver
79
Q

Where does ammonia come from and what is the organ of excretion

A

It comes from deamination by the live

Organ of excretion: kidney

80
Q

Where does urea come from and what is the organ of excretion

A

It comes from deamination by the live

Organ of excretion: kidney

81
Q

Where does uric acid come from and what is the organ of excretion

A

It comes from the breakdown of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA
Organ of excretion: kidney

82
Q

Where does carbon dioxide come from and what is the organ of excretion

A

It is a waste product of cellular respiration

Organ of excretion: lungs

83
Q

Where does bile pigment come from and what is the organ of excretion

A

It comes from the breaking down of old erythrocytes

Organ of excretion: liver

84
Q

Where does lactic come from and what is the organ of excretion

A

It is a product of anaerobic respiration

Organ of excretion: liver

85
Q

What is the function of the lungs

A

Excretes CO2 during cellular respiration and water vapour

86
Q

What is the function of the sweat glands (skin)

A

Excretes sweat containing water and wastes (salts, urea, lactic acid) and if cools the body

87
Q

What is the function of the liver

A

Processes toxic ammonia —> urea
Processes lactic acid from anaerobic respiration
Processes alcohol and drugs (antibiotics)
Breaks down old erythrocytes into bile pigments

88
Q

What is the function of the alimentary canal

A

Excretes bile pigments (bilirubin) from the small intestine

89
Q

What is the structure and function of the kidney

A

STRUCTURE: 11cm long
Bean shaped
Contain the functional unit called the nephron
Sits below the adrenal gland
FUNCTION: filters the blood
Maintain the concentration of water and salts in bodily fluids
Removes toxic wastes from the bloodstream such as ammonia, urea and uric acid
Production of urine

90
Q

What are the roles the liver plays during excretion

A

Converting ammonia to urea
Detoxification of alcohol and drugs
Deactivation of hormones
Break down haemoglobin into bile pigments

91
Q

Define deamination

A

The removal of the amino group from a amino acid molecule. It occurs in the liver

92
Q

What are the 2 equations from deamination

A

1.) Amino acid + oxygen —deaminase—> carbohydrate + ammonia (NH3)
2.) Ammonia + carbon dioxide —> urea + water
(2NH3). + (CO2). —> (CH4N2O). +. (H2O)

Human Bio (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions