Metabolism, Efficient Metabolism And Enzymes

Question 1

What is metabolism

Answer 1

All the chemical reactions occurring in a living organism.

Question 2

What are the 2 types of metabolic reactions

Answer 2

Catabolic

Anabolic

Question 3

Define catabolic reactions, it’s energy and an example

Answer 3

Chemical reactions that break down large organic molecules into smaller ones with the release of energy 
Releases energy (ATP)
Digestion

Question 4

Define anabolic , it’s energy and an example

Answer 4

Chemical reactions that require energy to combine smaller particles into bigger ones 
Requires energy (ATP)
Bone growth

Question 5

Define nutrients

Answer 5

Any substance in food that provides energy and is essential for growth and normal functioning

Question 6

What are the 6 types of nutrients

Answer 6

1. ) Water
2. ) Carbohydrates
3. ) Lipids (fats)
4. ) Proteins
5. ) Minerals
6. ) Vitamins

Question 7

What is the difference between organic and inorganic nutrients and what nutrients are apart of each

Answer 7

ORGANIC: 
-molecules with carbon 
-can contain hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and Sulfur 
-carbohydrates, lipids and proteins 
INORGANIC:
-molecules without carbon 
-some inorganic compounds have small amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2)
-water,minerals  and vitamins

Question 8

Define carbohydrates and the 3 simple sugars

Answer 8

Main source of energy for cells. Carbs are broken down into simple sugars
Monosaccharides: single unit sugars (glucose,fructose, galactose)
Disaccharides: two simple sugars bonded (sucrose, maltose, lactose)
Polysaccharides: many simple sugars bonded (starch, cellulose, glycogen)

Question 9

Define lipids

Answer 9

Fats and oils that act as a secondary energy source. Lipids are broken down into 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules

Question 10

Define proteins and peptide bonds

Answer 10

Consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They are made up of over 100 amino acids (AA)
Peptide bonds holds the amino acids together in a protein.

Question 11

Define water

Answer 11

Medium for substances to dissolve into and take part in chemical reactions

Question 12

Define minerals

Answer 12

Act as a cofactors for enzymes, form part of important metabolic substances (ATP)

Question 13

Define vitamins

Answer 13

Acts as a cofactor for metabolic reactions so normal cell function, growth and development can happen

Question 14

Define enzymes

Answer 14

Biological catalyst that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy without being consumed. They have unique structures that make them specific to a certain chemical reaction.

Question 15

Define activation energy

Answer 15

The amount of energy needed to break the bonds of reactant particles in a chemical reaction

Question 16

Define substrate and active site

Answer 16

A molecule that and enzyme acts upon

Part of an enzyme that combines with the substrate

Question 17

Define enzyme-substrate complex

Answer 17

The resulting structure that is formed when an enzyme and a substrate combines

Question 18

What is the lock and key model

Answer 18

Where the enzyme acts as a key and the substrate acts as a lock. The enzyme is complementary to the substrate. They fit together exactly to form the enzyme substrate complex.

Question 19

What is the induced fit model

Answer 19

When an enzyme and substrate join together, they form weak bonds causing a change in the shape of the enzyme at the active site. This results in the enzyme and substrate adjusting their structure to be complementary.

Question 20

What are the factors enzymes can be affected by

Answer 20

Temperature 
pH
Concentration of reactants and products 
Cofactors 
Coenzymes
Inhibitors.

Question 21

Define temperature

Answer 21

^temperature = ^ enzyme activity

Enzymes function optimally between 30-40°C, if temperatures are above 45-50°C the enzymes become denatured and infected

Question 22

Define pH

Answer 22

Enzymes are sensitive to the pH and where the reaction is taking place. Changes inpH can result in ionisation of amino acids and molecules, changing the shape and structure of enzymes. This damages it’s function

Question 23

Define concentration of reactants and products

Answer 23

CONCENTRATION OF REACTANTS: when enzymes concentration is increased, there will be more active sites for substrates to bind to. When substrate concentration is increased, there will be more contact with enzymes and an increase in rate of reaction until all enzymes are occupied.
CONCENTRATION OF PRODUCTS: products must continuously be removed from the active site so other substrate can bind to the enzyme and increase rate of reaction.

Question 24

Define cofactors

Answer 24

Ions or inorganic (some can be organic) molecules required by enzymes to catalyse a chemical reaction. Cofactors change the shape of the active site to form a substrate-enzyme complex

Question 25

Define coenzymes

Answer 25

Non-protein organic molecules that are essential for the functioning of an enzyme

Question 26

Define Inhibitors

Answer 26

Substances that slow down or stop enzyme activity. Inhibitors help control the rate product being made.