Metabolism, Efficient Metabolism And Enzymes Flashcards
What is metabolism
All the chemical reactions occurring in a living organism.
What are the 2 types of metabolic reactions
Catabolic
Anabolic
Define catabolic reactions, it’s energy and an example
Chemical reactions that break down large organic molecules into smaller ones with the release of energy Releases energy (ATP) Digestion
Define anabolic , it’s energy and an example
Chemical reactions that require energy to combine smaller particles into bigger ones Requires energy (ATP) Bone growth
Define nutrients
Any substance in food that provides energy and is essential for growth and normal functioning
What are the 6 types of nutrients
- ) Water
- ) Carbohydrates
- ) Lipids (fats)
- ) Proteins
- ) Minerals
- ) Vitamins
What is the difference between organic and inorganic nutrients and what nutrients are apart of each
ORGANIC: -molecules with carbon -can contain hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and Sulfur -carbohydrates, lipids and proteins INORGANIC: -molecules without carbon -some inorganic compounds have small amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) -water,minerals and vitamins
Define carbohydrates and the 3 simple sugars
Main source of energy for cells. Carbs are broken down into simple sugars
Monosaccharides: single unit sugars (glucose,fructose, galactose)
Disaccharides: two simple sugars bonded (sucrose, maltose, lactose)
Polysaccharides: many simple sugars bonded (starch, cellulose, glycogen)
Define lipids
Fats and oils that act as a secondary energy source. Lipids are broken down into 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules
Define proteins and peptide bonds
Consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They are made up of over 100 amino acids (AA)
Peptide bonds holds the amino acids together in a protein.
Define water
Medium for substances to dissolve into and take part in chemical reactions
Define minerals
Act as a cofactors for enzymes, form part of important metabolic substances (ATP)
Define vitamins
Acts as a cofactor for metabolic reactions so normal cell function, growth and development can happen
Define enzymes
Biological catalyst that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy without being consumed. They have unique structures that make them specific to a certain chemical reaction.
Define activation energy
The amount of energy needed to break the bonds of reactant particles in a chemical reaction
Define substrate and active site
A molecule that and enzyme acts upon
Part of an enzyme that combines with the substrate
Define enzyme-substrate complex
The resulting structure that is formed when an enzyme and a substrate combines
What is the lock and key model
Where the enzyme acts as a key and the substrate acts as a lock. The enzyme is complementary to the substrate. They fit together exactly to form the enzyme substrate complex.
What is the induced fit model
When an enzyme and substrate join together, they form weak bonds causing a change in the shape of the enzyme at the active site. This results in the enzyme and substrate adjusting their structure to be complementary.
What are the factors enzymes can be affected by
Temperature pH Concentration of reactants and products Cofactors Coenzymes Inhibitors.
Define temperature
^temperature = ^ enzyme activity
Enzymes function optimally between 30-40°C, if temperatures are above 45-50°C the enzymes become denatured and infected
Define pH
Enzymes are sensitive to the pH and where the reaction is taking place. Changes inpH can result in ionisation of amino acids and molecules, changing the shape and structure of enzymes. This damages it’s function
Define concentration of reactants and products
CONCENTRATION OF REACTANTS: when enzymes concentration is increased, there will be more active sites for substrates to bind to. When substrate concentration is increased, there will be more contact with enzymes and an increase in rate of reaction until all enzymes are occupied.
CONCENTRATION OF PRODUCTS: products must continuously be removed from the active site so other substrate can bind to the enzyme and increase rate of reaction.
Define cofactors
Ions or inorganic (some can be organic) molecules required by enzymes to catalyse a chemical reaction. Cofactors change the shape of the active site to form a substrate-enzyme complex
Define coenzymes
Non-protein organic molecules that are essential for the functioning of an enzyme
Define Inhibitors
Substances that slow down or stop enzyme activity. Inhibitors help control the rate product being made.
