Systemizing Taxonomic Diversity

Question 1

He created the 1st widely accepted system of biological classification in 350 BC

He grouped animals into their habitats: land, sea, and air

He grouped plants as herbs, shrubs, and trees

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

Written by Theophrastus in c. 371- c. 287 BC. A parallel work of Aristotle’s biological classification.

Answer 2

Historia Plantarum

Question 3

Romans, Arabs, & Chinese records of organisms

Answer 3

1. Herbals
2. Bestiaries
3. Compendium

Question 4

books about plants

Answer 4

Herbals

Question 5

books about animals

Answer 5

Bestiaries

Question 6

catalog of plants and animals

Answer 6

Compendium

Question 7

illustrated album of local plants (type of ‘Herbals’)

introduction to the classifications of economically-important Chinese plants

Answer 7

Jiu huang ben cao or Materia medica for the relief of famines

Question 8

movable printing press of Johannes Gutenberg gave more access to printed books compared to handmade ones

rapid spread of science ideas

Latin- traditional language of scholars of Middle Ages; the universal language

Answer 8

Universal System of Nomenclature

Question 9

Systems of Classification (influenced by Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection un Origin of Species (1859)

Answer 9

1. Artificial System
2. Natural System

Question 10

A system of classification based on morphological similarities

Answer 10

Artificial systems

Question 11

A system of classification based on theorized evolutionary relationship and numerous characters

Members of a group had a common ancestor

Answer 11

Natural Systems

Question 12

Introduced the binomial system of nomenclature

2-kingdom system: Animalia & Plantae

Answer 12

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 13

true name

contrasts the characteristics of a species from its relatives

Answer 13

Polynomial system

Question 14

alternate name

specific and simple

Answer 14

Binomial system

Question 15

classified the Plant Kingdom based on habitat under Artificial system of classification

Answer 15

Andrea Caesalpino (1519-1603)

Question 16

classified plant and animal kingdom based on general morphology under artificial system of classification

Answer 16

John Ray 1627-1705

Question 17

classified animals including the extinct ones but could not explain speciation

extinct species are caused by catastrophism

different fossil forms are products of repeated cataclysmic occurrence

Answer 17

George Cuvier

Question 18

classified plants

published a phylogenetic system of classification

Answer 18

Die Naturlichen pflanzenfamilien by Adolf Engler and Karl Prantl

Question 19

Three Kingdoms (animalia, plantae, protista)

classified animals especially vertebrates using embryological characteristics

introduced ‘Protista’ as the third kingdom of life

Answer 19

Ernst Haeckel

Question 20

Proposed four-kingdom classification: Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Monera

bacteria + blue-green algae= Kingdom Monera

Answer 20

Herbert Copeland (1938)

Question 21

Proposed five-kingdom classification, based mainly on differences in nutrition

added a kingdom for Fungi

Answer 21

Robert Whittaker

Question 22

Five Kingdoms

Answer 22

Kingdom of Protists, Kingdom of Monerans, Kingdom of Fungi, Kingdom of Plants, Kingdom of Animals

Question 23

scientific study of the diversity of living organisms and their evolutionary relationships

Answer 23

Systematics

Question 24

theory and practice of classifying organisms

Answer 24

Taxonomy

Question 25

Major aspects of classification

Answer 25

1. grouping 2. ranking

Question 26

study of the variation in population and how species are formed

Answer 26

Biosystematics

Question 27

study of phylogeny of taxa and reconstructing scenarios that led to evolutionary changes in populations

Answer 27

Phylogenetics

Question 28

An evolutionary model of classification based on differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cell's ribosomal RNA (rRNA), cell's membrane lipid structure, sensitivity to antibiotics.

Answer 28

Three Domain System by Carl Woose, Otto Kandler, Mark Wheelis

Question 29

Three Domain system

Answer 29

1. Domain Archaea 2. Domain Bacteria 3. Domain Eukarya

Question 30

group of actually of potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other groups

Answer 30

biological species

Question 31

the members of interbreeding populations will not exchange genes with other interbreeding groups

Answer 31

Reproductive isolation

Question 32

Three aspects of biological species concept

Answer 32

1. distinctiveness 2. population 3. isolation

Question 33

limitations of Biological species concept

Answer 33

1. applies only to sexually reproducing organisms 2. in classifying extinct forms of life 3. organisms in the wild may interbreed in the zoo, aquarium, or laboratory

Question 34

evolutionary descent of taxa

Answer 34

phylogeny

Question 35

Characteristics used in phylogenies

Answer 35

1. Ancestral characters 2. Derived Characters

Question 36

Character states that are inherited unchanged from the ancestor

Answer 36

Ancestral characters

Question 37

Character states that are inherited from the ancestor but already in modified form

Answer 37

Derived characters

Question 38

the sequence of appearance of the character state

Answer 38

time element

Question 39

simpler structure= ancestral complex structure=derived

Answer 39

complexity of character state

Question 40

presence of a character state among some members of a lineage and a taxon not closely related to any member of the lineage

Answer 40

outgroup method

Question 41

resemblance in characters in different taxa due to common origin=common ancestor

Answer 41

homology

Question 42

similar characters due to following similar developmental plans only; not because of inheritance from a common ancestor species develop similar organs/body structure but no common ancestor

Answer 42

homoplasy

Question 43

a condition whereby members of a group have a single recent ancestor or immediate ancestor

Answer 43

monophyly