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Bio 14 > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

External features of prokaryotes

A
  1. appendages
  2. flagella
  3. pili
  4. fimbriae
  5. glycocalyx
  6. capsule, slime layer
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2
Q

cell envelope features of prokaryotes

A
  1. cell wall
  2. cell membrane
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3
Q

internal features of prokaryotes

A
  1. cytoplasmic matrix
    2.ribosomes
  2. inclusions
  3. nucleoid
  4. actin cytoskeleton
  5. endospore
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4
Q

-lipids: unbranched
-connected by ester linkage

A

bacterial plasma membrane

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5
Q

-lipids: unbranched
-connected by: ether linkage
-tetraethers form a monolayer

A

archaeal plasma membrane

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6
Q

cell wall: has peptidoglycan

A

bacteria

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7
Q

cell wall: has no peptidoglycan

A

arachaea

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8
Q

dna replication is more similar to eukaryotes

A

Archaeal DNA replication

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9
Q

gene expression (transcription and translation) are more similar to those of eukaryotes

A

Archaeal Gene expression

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10
Q

known as ancient bacteria

A

Domain Archaea

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11
Q

where some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in (hot springs and geysers

A

Yellowstone National Park

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12
Q

-lives in extreme environments (like hot springs or salty lakes)
-all unicellular
-no peptidoglycan cell wall
-have flagella for locomotion
-more closely related to eukaryotes

A

archaebacteria

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13
Q

3 main types of archaebacteria

A
  1. Methanogens
    2.Thermoacidophiles
    3.Halophiles
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14
Q

-release methane (CH4) as a waste product
-lives in mud at the bottom of the lakes due to lack of oxygen
-lives in intestinal tracts of animals to help break down food
-plays role in garbage/sewage cleanup— the methane produced is used as fuel to heat homes
-expensive

A

Methanogens

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15
Q

importance of methanogens

A
  1. removing excess hydrogen and for fermentation of products in anaerobic environment
  2. methane production adds to greenhouse gases that affects climate change
  3. used in waste to energy programs
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16
Q

-lives in the dark
-lives without oxygen
-lives in superheated water temperature (750 deg F)
-lives in an acidic environment (pH 1-3)
-lives in a chemical soup of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other dissolved minerals

A

Thermoacidophiles

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17
Q

places where thermoacidophiles like to live

A
  1. black smokers
  2. hot springs and geysers
  3. mud springs
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18
Q

-lives in saltwater with concentration exceeding 15%
-ocean: only 4%

A

Halophiles

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19
Q

-found in salt flats and evaporation ponds
-color: pinkish red
-can’t live in salt concentrations below 10%
-bright red carotenoid protects its cells from solar radiation
-produce their own ATP

A

Halophilic Archaea

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20
Q

use sunlight for energy (bacteria)

A

bacteriorhodopsin

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21
Q

pigment used by bacteria for protection from sunlight

A

bacterioruberin

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22
Q

-lacks cell wall
-reduce sulfur at higher temperature

A

Crenarchaeota; Desulfurococcales

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23
Q

-Desulfurococcales found in hot spring

A

Desulfurococcus mobilis

24
Q

-Desulfurococcales; a marine organism

A

Ignicoccus islandicus

25
-part of the cell envolope composed of identical glycoproteins -barrier function -protection from bacteriophages, phagocytosis -resistance to low pH -adhesion
S-layer in Bacteria and Archaea
26
-grows near hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor -a common feature is the black smoker
Crenarchaeota; Barophilic hyperthermophiles
27
Crenarchaeotes that are vent-adapted
1. Pyrodictium abyssi 2. Pyrodictium occultum
28
-includes species that respire by oxidizing sulfur -found within hot springs
Crenarchaeota; Sulfolobales
29
-a double extremophile -grows at 80 degrees C and pH3 -oxidizes H2S to sulfuric acid
Sulfolobus solfataricus
30
-means broad-ranging archaea -dominated by methanogens -all are poisoned by molecular oxygen and therefore require complete anaerobiosis
Euryarchaeota: Methanogens
31
example of methanogen
Methanopyrus kandleri
32
Methanogens grow in:
1. Anaerobic soil of wetlands *rice paddies 2. Landfills 3. Digestive tracts of animals *Termites *Cattle *Humans 4. Marine benthic sediments
33
smallest known euryarchaeotes
Nanoarchaeota
34
an obligate symbiote of the crenarchaeote Ignococcus hospitalis
Nanoarchaeum equitans
35
bacteria with a cell wall that is simple, thick, and large amount of peptidoglycan
Gram-positive bacteria
36
bacteria with a cell wall that peptidoglycan layer surrounded by the plasma membrane and an outer membrane surrounded by an outer layer of lipopolysaccharide
Gram-negative bacteria
37
fine, proteinaceous, hair-like bristles emerging from the cell surface function for adhesion to surface and other cells
fimbriae
38
-rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein -found in gram-negative bacteria -function to join cells for conjugation (partial DNA transfer)
pili
39
-coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars/proteins
glycocalyx
40
two types of glycocalyx
1.slime layer 2. capsule
41
loosely organized and attached (glycocalyx)
slime layer
42
highly organized, tightly attached (glycocalyx)
capsule
43
functions of glycocalyx
-protect cell from dehydration and nutrient loss -inhibit killing by white blood cells by phagocytosis, contributing to pathogenicity
44
resistant cells formed by some bacteria
endospores
45
Nutritional and metabolic diversity
1. Photoautotrophs 2. Chemoautotrophs 3. Photoheterotrophs 4. Chemoheterotrophs
46
light- the energy source CO20 carbon source
photoautotrophs
46
-energy from oxidation of inorganic substances -CO2 is the carbon source
Chemoautotrophs
47
light-source of energy organic compounds- source of carbon
photoheterotrophs
48
organic compounds-energy source and source of carbon
chemoheterotrophs
49
uses O2 for respiration; cannot live without it
obligate aerobes
50
uses O2 when available; ferment when O2 is not available
Facultative aerobes
51
poisoned by CO2, uses fermentation or live by anaerobic respiration. inorganic molecules are used instead of oxygen
obligate anaerobe
52
5 major clades of eubacteria
1. proteobacteria 2. chlamydias 3. spirochetes 4. gram positive 5. cyanobacteria
53
N2 fixing, lives in roots of legumes
rhizobium
54
causes stomach ulcers
heliobacter
55
source of numerous antibacterial pharmaceutical agents
streptomyces
56
-spirochete -originates from rats
leptospira

Bio 14 (10 decks)

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