Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

THE BOARDS > SYSTEMIC ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

SYSTEMIC ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Saggital Plane

A

Divides vertically
Medial vs. lateral
Flexion/extension around a mediolateral/coronal/frontal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

A

Divides horizontally
Superior vs inferior
Rotation around a vertical/superioinferior axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Frontal/Coronal Plane

A

Divides vertically
Anterior vs posterior
Ab/adduction around an anterioposterior/saggital axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Formed by cranial bones, contains brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vertebral Cavity

A

Formed by vertebrae; contains spinal cord and beginning of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Contains pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

Potential space between pleural layers that surround the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Potential space between layers of pericardium that surround the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mediastinum

A

Central portion of thoracic cavity between lungs
First rib –> diaphragm
Sternum –> vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is contained within the mediastinum?

A

Heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, several large blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Abdominal Cavity:

A

Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and part of the large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity:

A

Peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pelvic Cavity:

A

Contains urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, internal reproductive organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity

A

Pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Serous membrane of the pleural cavity

A

Pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The abdominal quadrants

A

Right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

Midsaggital and transverse lines through umbilicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The abdominal regions

A

Right hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar
Right inguinal, Hypogastric, Left inguinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Radiography

A

Xray
Single barrage of xrays sent through body
Good for imaging dense objects like bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging
Body exposed to high-energy magnetic field.
Resulting proton arrangement read by computer
Good for imaging soft tissue but not bone.
Best for differentiating normal vs abnormal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Computed Tomography (CT/CAT) Scan

A

Computer assisted xray

Arc of xrays creates image of transverse segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan

A

Substance that emits positrons is injected and the resultant gamma rays read

Shows physiology not just anatomy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Chemical element

A

Cannot be split into a simpler substance by ordinary means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many elements are there?

A

118 (92 on Earth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Major elements in the body

A

Oxygen (65% of body mass)
Carbon (18.5%)
Hydroden (9.5%)
Nitrogen (3.2%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Oxygen: significance in body

A

Part of water and many organic molecules

Used to generate ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Carbon: significance in body

A

Forms backbone chains/rings of all organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hydrogen: significance in body

A

Constituent of water and most organic molecules

When ionized makes fluids more acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nitrogen: significance in body

A

Component of all proteins and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Atom:

A

Smallest unit of matter than retains the properties and characteristics of the element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Mass Number

A

Sum of protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of an element that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Same atomic #, different mass #

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Half-life

A

The time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in an isotope to decay into a more stable form
Half life of C-14: 5730 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Atomic Mass

A

Average mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes, measured in daltons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Ion

A

Positively or negatively charged atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Molecule

A

When two or more atoms share electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Compound

A

Joined atoms of two of more different elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Free Radical

A

Atom or group of atom with an unpaired electron in its outer shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Horizontal row in the periodic table

A

Period
# of electron shells
Designated with Roman Numerals (I, II, III etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Vertical row in the periodic table

A 
Group. 
# of electrons
Similar but not identical properties
Equally reactive
Numbered 1-7
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Formed with one atom donates electrons to another
The resulting positive/negative charges pull them together
Example: NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion.

Electron donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

Electron recipient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

When atoms share electrons

The more electrons shared, the stronger the bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Single Covalent Bond

A

One electron shared

Example H2, or H-H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Double Covalent Bond

A

O2, or O=O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

Electrons not shared equally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A 
Polar covalent bond involving Hydrogen
Weakly negative (δ-) attracts (δ+) neighbour

Weak – can’t create molecules but can create surface tension of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Release more energy than they use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Use more energy than they release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Catalysts

A

Decrease the activation energy required, thereby speeding up the reaction.
Unchanged by reaction
ie. Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of an electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Potential Energy

A

The energy stored by matter due to its position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Chemical Energy

A

A form of potential energy contained within chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy associated with matter in motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Activation Energy

A

Collision energy required to break chemical bonds of reactants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Anabolic reactions are usually

A

Endergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Catabolic reactions are usually

A

Exergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Usually contain H
Usually don’t contain C
Structurally simple
Include H2O, many salts, acids, bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Inorganic compounds that contain C include:

A

CO2
HCO3-
H2CO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

How much of people is inorganic

A

55-60% H2O plus another 1-2% other inorganic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Addition of water in a catabolic reaction (ie digestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Dehydration synthesis reaction

A

Removal of water in an anabolic reaction (ie protein synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Water’s polarity is awesome because:

A
    • it makes an excellent solvent for ionic compounds
    • it makes it sticky
    • allows it to resist temperature changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Mixture

A

Blend without bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Solution

A

Solutes small, remain evenly dispersed. Solution transparent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Colloid

A

Solutes large enough to refract light. Solution opaque or translucent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Suspension

A

Solutes will eventually separate and settle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Dissociation

A

When inorganic acids, bases or salts dissolve in water and separate into ions surrounded by water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Acids

A

Dissociate into one or more H+ ions plus anions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Bases

A

Dissociate into one or more OH- plus cations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Salts

A

Dissociate into cations and anions that aren’t H+ or OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Electrolytes

A

Salts which are important for carrying electrical signals, especially in muscles and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What happens when acids and bases react with each other?

A

They make salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

pH

A

Measure of acidity/alkalinity
1 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic)
7=neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Buffer Systems

A

A weak acid and the salt of that acid, which acts as a weak base.

Regulate pH homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Three major buffer systems in the body

A

Protein Buffer System
Phosphate Buffer System
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate buffer system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Protein Buffer System

A 
Most abundant buffer system in ICF and plasma
Carboxyl group (-COOH) acts as acid; amino group (NH2) acts as base

Includes hemoglobin buffering of CO2/H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Phosphate Buffer System

A 
Important regulator in cytosol; also in urine and ECF
Dihydrogen phosphate (acid) and monohydrogen phosphate (base)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Carbonic Acid and Bicarbonate buffer system

A

ICF and ECF

If too acidic bicarbonate (HCO3-) combines with H+ to create carbonic acid (H2CO3)

If too basic carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and HCO3-.

Carbonic acid can also dissociate into H2O and CO2, which is then exhaled.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Always contain carbon
Usually contain hydrogen
Held together by covalent bonds
38-43% of the body

Composed of carbon skeletons + functional group

84
Q

Lipids

A

18-25% body mass

Less oxygen –> fewer covalent bonds –> hydrophobic

85
Q

Monomer

A

Smallest building blocks of proteins

86
Q

Isomer

A

Same molecular formula but different structure

87
Q

Polymer

A

Larger molecules made by monomers covalently bonded together

88
Q

Macromolecules

A

large molecules made up of combinations of smaller molecules

89
Q

Fatty Acid

A

Simplest lipid
Caroboxyl group + hydrocarbon tail
Used to synthesize hydrocarbons and phospholipids

90
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

Only single covalent bond between the C’s in hydrocarbon tail

91
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

At least one double bond between carbons in hydrocarbon tail – kinky!

92
Q

Triglycerides

A

Most plentiful lipid; greatest energy concentration

Glycerol (3-C) + three fatty acid tails

93
Q

Fat

A

Triglyceride solid at room temperature

94
Q

Oil

A

Triglyceride liquid at room temperature

95
Q

Phospholipids

A

Glycerol (3-C) backbone, two fatty acid tails, plus one phosphate group.

Phosphate group becomes hydrophilic head
Fatty acid tails: hydrophobic tails

96
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids with four carbon rings and hydroxyl (-OH) group

Cholesterol, some hormones, Vitamin D, bile salts

97
Q

Carbohydrates

A

2-3% body mass
Mostly energy
CHO, 2:1 H:O (hence wet carbon)

98
Q

Monosaccharides

A 
glucose
fructose
galactose
ribose
deoxyribose
99
Q

Disaccharides

A 
sucrose = glucose + fructose
lactose = glucose + galactose
maltose = glucose + glucose
100
Q

Polysaccharides

A

starch

cellulose

101
Q

Proteins

A

large complex molecules
12-18% body mass

made up of amino acids joined by covalent peptide bonds (formed via dehydration synthesis)

102
Q

Amino acids

A

Protein monomers

Hydrogen + amino + carboxyl + side chain (R)

103
Q

Peptide

A

4-9 amino acids

104
Q

Polypeptide

A

10-20K amino acids

105
Q

Functions of proteins

A
  1. structure
  2. regulation
  3. contraction
  4. immunity
  5. transport
  6. catalysts
106
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Amino acid sequence

107
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Beta sheet or alpha helix

Formed by neighbouring amino acids connecting by hydrogen bonds

108
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

3D polypeptide chain

109
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

Multiple polypeptide chains

110
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
  1. Nitrogenous base
  2. Pentose Sugar
  3. Phosphate group
111
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A

Purines: adenine & guanine
Pyrimidine: cytosine & thymine(DNA)/uracil(RNA)

112
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein that acts as a catalyst to reduce the activation energy required for a reaction; unchanged by reaction

113
Q

Substrate

A

What the enzyme acts one

114
Q

Apoenzyme

A

Protein portion of an enzyme

115
Q

Cofactor

A

Nonprotein portion of an enzyme; usually a vitamin

116
Q

Fluid component of people

A

2/3 ICF

1/3 ECF

    • of that 80% is interstitial fluid
    • 20% plasma
117
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Produced by principal cells

Main function: increases bone resorption (osteoclasts activity) to increase serum Ca+ levels.

Also slows Ca+ and Mg loss by kidneys and promotes formation of calcitriol

118
Q

Calcitriol

A

Active form of Vitamin D

Increases rate of Ca+, Mg+ and K+ absorption by GI tract

119
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produced by thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)

Inhibits osteoclasts activity to decrease levels of serum Ca+

120
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

Cellular membranes become leaky at death.

Ca+ leaks out of sarcoplasmic reticulum

121
Q

Tight junctions

A

We like strands if transmembrane proteins.

Prevent leaking of substances between cells and out of organs.

Stomach, intestine, bladder.

122
Q

Adherens Junctions

A

Contain plaque (dense layers of protein inside plasma membrane) attached to microfilament (like actin)

Catherine span from opposite membrane and attach into plaques.
May form adhesion belts

Help epithelial cells resist separation during contractile activity (Intestine)

123
Q

Cadherins

A

Transmembrane glycoproteins connecting membranes in adherens junctions and desmesomes.

Connect into plaques

124
Q

Adhesion belts

A

In adherence junctions

Bands of microfilament that circle entire cell

125
Q

Desmesomes

A

Spot weld junctions.

Cadherins span between membranes, attach into plaques.

Plaques connect into keratin-containing intermediate filaments.

Prevent separation of cells under tension, contraction.

Cardiac cells, epidermis

126
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Like desmosomes but links cell to basement membrane not another cell.

Integrin (rather than cadherin) transmembrane protein.

Intermediate filaments contain keratin.

Connects to laminin in basement membrane.

127
Q

Gap junctions

A

Little fluid filled tunnels called connexons (made from proteins called connexins) which allow ions and small molecules to pass between cells.

Allow communication, waste removal in avascular tissue

Nervous system, GI, heart, uterus, eye

128
Q

Connexons

A

Communicating tunnels in gap junctions

129
Q

Connexins

A

Proteins which make up Connexons in gap junctions.

130
Q

Four types of tissue

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscular
  4. Tissue
131
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, glands and ducts
Allows bod to interact with internal and external environment.

132
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Protects and supports the body and its organs

Binds organs together, stores every reserves, provides immunity.

133
Q

Epithelial vs connective tissue

A 
Epithelial: 
tightly packed
Little if any EC matrix
Avascular (so usually adjacent to connective tissue)
Usually surface late

Connective:
Lots of EC matrix
Highly vascular items
Normally not on surface.

134
Q

Three major functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Selective barrier
  2. Secretory surface
  3. Protective surface.
135
Q

Basement membrane

A

In epithelial tissue

Thin extra cellular layer which

  1. Epithelial attachment
  2. Surface for epithelial migration
  3. Restrict passage of large molecules
  4. Filter (kidneys)
136
Q

Layers of basement membrane

A
  1. Basal lamina
    - - secreted by epithelium
    - - contains laminin (which Hemidesmosomes attach to)
  2. Reticular lamina
137
Q

Two types of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Covering/lining

2. Glandular/secretory.

138
Q

Classification of epithelial tissue by layers

A
  1. Simple (secretion, absorption)
  2. Pseudostratified (may include goblet cells, or ciliated cells)
  3. Stratified. (Protection again wear and tear)
139
Q

Epithelial tissue classification by shape

A
  1. Squamous.
  2. Cuboidal. May have microvilli
  3. Columnar. May have microvilli or ciliates.
  4. Transitional (squamous cuboidal). Stretchy areas like the bladder.
140
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of flat cells

Filtration, diffusion

Cardiovascular and lymphatic (endothelium)
Serous membranes (mesothelium)
Bowmans capsule
141
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Secretion and absorption

Surface of ovary, lens, retina, kidney tubules.
Secretory portion of some glands and ducts.

142
Q

Non ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Contain microvilli, goblet cells

Secretion and absorption
Secrete stomach mucous

GI tract (stomach to anus). Gallbladder

143
Q

Ciliated simple columnar

A

Single layer of columnar cells, usually with goblet cells

Cilia prevent foreign bodies from entering lungs, sweep eggs towards uterus.

Bronchioles. Fallopian tubes. Uterus. Paranasal sinus. Central canal.

144
Q

Pseudostratified columnar.

A

Ciliated

  • mucous secretion, sweeping trapped particles
  • upper respirator tract

Nonciliated

  • absorption and protection.
  • lines glandular ducts, epididymis, male urethra
145
Q

Stratified squamous

A

Apical and surface layers: squamous (quick turnover)
Deeper layers: cuboidal- columnar

Protection against water loss, abrasion, UV light, microbes.

Keratinized (superficial)
Nonkeratinized (wet layers, like tongue)

146
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Rare
Protection, limited secretion and absorption

Adult apocrine ducts, esophageal glands, make uretha

147
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Protectin and secretion

Urethra, some excretory ducts, conjunctiva, mucous membrane.

148
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Allows for distension and stretch. Urinary bladder, uterers

149
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Secretions released via exocytosis.

Most excretory glands are merocrine
Salivary. Pancreas.

150
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Accumulate secretory product at apocrine surface, then pinch off that portion.

Repair. Repeat.

Mammary gland.

151
Q

Holocrine gland

A

Accumulates secretory product in cytosol. Cell ruptures and becomes secretory product. Cell sloughed off and replaced.

Sebaceous glands.

152
Q

Anterior grey horn

A

Contains somatic motor nuclei

153
Q

Posterior grey horn

A

Contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons, and of sensory neurons

154
Q

Where are the sensory cell bodies located?

A

Posterior/dorsal root ganglion

155
Q

Lateral grey horn

A

Only exists in thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord.

Contain autonomic motor nuclei

156
Q

Columns

A

Longitudinal arrangement of white matter in spinal cord. Contains tracts

157
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of axons in the CNS
Have common origin or destination.
Arranged in columns

158
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

C4-T1

Nerves to and from the upper limb

159
Q

Lumbar enlargement

A

T9-12

Nerves to and from lower limbs

160
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Tapering of spinal cord just inferior to lumbar enlargement.
Ends at level of L1-2 IVD

161
Q

Filum Terminale

A

Extension of pia mater arising from conus medullaris

Anchors spinal cord to coccyx

162
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

Extension of pia mater

Suspend spinal cord in the middle of its dural sheath

163
Q

Cauda equina

A

Spinal nerve and spinal nerve roots which exit the vertebral column inferior to where they exit the spinal cord
L2-5, S1-5, coccygeal nerve

Descend on an angle alongside the filum terminale

164
Q

Rima vestibule

A

space between vestibular folds

165
Q

Vestibular folds

A

false vocal cords

166
Q

Glottis

A

folds of mucous membrane (vestibular + vocal folds)

167
Q

Vocal folds

A

true vocal cords

168
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

rings of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx

169
Q

Landmark for tracheotomies

A

Cricoid cartilage

170
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A

Pair of triangular shaped cartilages on top of the cricoid cartilage

171
Q

Corniculate cartilage

A

Little buds of cartilage on top of the arytenoid cartilage

172
Q

Connective Tissue: Basic Elements

A

Extracellular matrix + cells

Usually not surface tissue
Highly vascularized (usually)
173
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

In connective tissue
Composed of protein fibres and ground substance

Secreted by connective tissue cells; its structure determines much of the tissue’s qualities. In bone, it’s hard and inflexible; in cartilage it’s firm and pliable.

174
Q

Ground Substance

A

In the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

The substance in between cells and fibres

Supports cells, binds them, stores water, provides a medium for exchange

Contains water +large organic materials

175
Q

Types of protein fibres found in connective tissue

A

Collagen fibres
Elastic fibres
Reticular fibres

176
Q

Collagen fibres

A

Protein fibre found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

Strong but flexible
Resists tension; more so when arranged in parallel bundles (ie dense regular connective tissue)

177
Q

Most abundant protein in the body

A

collagen

178
Q

Elastic fibres

A

Protein fibre found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

elastic (protein) + fibrillin (glycoprotein)

Skin, blood vessel walls, lung tissue

179
Q

Reticular fibres

A

Protein fibre found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

Collagen protein arranged in bundles and coated with glycoprotein

Reticular connective tissue (stroma of soft organs); basement membrane

180
Q

GAGs

A

ie glucosaminoglycans

polysacccharides found in the ground substance of connective tissue

Include:
hylauronic acid
chondroitin sulfate
dermatan sulfate
keratan sulfate
181
Q

Adhesion proteins

A

In the ground substance of connective tissues

Link components of ground substance together

182
Q

Most abundant adhesion protein

A

fibronectin

183
Q

Cells found in connective tissue

A 
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Mast cells
Adipocytes
Leukocytes
184
Q

Fibroblast

A

Makes extracellular matrix and collagen, which form structural framework of tissues

185
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytic cell derived from a monocyte.

May be fixed or wandering

186
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Cell that produces antibodies.

Develops from a B cell

187
Q

Mast cell

A

A cell found in areolar connective tissue that releases histamine, a dilator of small blood vessels, during inflammation.

188
Q

Adipocyte

A

Fat cell, derived from a fibroblast

189
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells (WBCs)
Cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. Include

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eiosinophils
basophils
190
Q

Types of Embryonic Connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme

Mucous Connective Tissue

191
Q

Mesenchyme

A

A type of embryonic connective tissue

Forms almost every other kinds of connective tissue

192
Q

Mucous Connective Tissue

A

Embryonic connective tissue

Found in umbilical cord

193
Q

Types of mature connective tissue

A 
Loose
Dense
Cartilage
Bone tissue
Liquid
194
Q

Types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

195
Q

Types of liquid connective tissue

A

Blood

Lymph

196
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue
Most widely distributed

“packing material” found around almost every structure

Semifluid ground

SubQ, papillary dermis, lamina propria

197
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Loose connective tissue

Brown (darker, due to increased blood supply, mitochondria, widespread in fetuses and infants)

White. Found everywhere areolar connective tissue is.

198
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue

Form stroma on organs, binds smooth muscle cells, red bone marrow, reticular lamina of basement membrane

199
Q

Types of Dense Connective Tissue

A

Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic connective

200
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Shiny and white
regularly arranged bundles of collagen fibres

Tensile strength against long axes

Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses.

201
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

Often arranged in sheets

Provides tensile strength in many directions

Fascia, periosteum, perichondrium, joint capsules, heart valves

202
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue

A

One of the dense connective tissues

Predominantly elastic fibres with fibroblasts; yellowish

Allows stretch, recoil

Lung tissue, trachea, walls of elastic arteries, suspensory ligaments, true vocal chords

203
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

204
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Contains a resilient gel as ground substance
Bluish-white, shiny

Most abundant and weakest cartilage

Flexibility, smooth surface for movement

End of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, fetal skeletan

205
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Lack perichondrium

Rigid; strongest cartilage

Supports and joins

Pubic symphysis, IVD, menisci, the portion of tendons that insert into cartilage

206
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Strength and elasticity; maintains shape

Epiglottis, auricle, eustachian tubes

THE BOARDS (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions